{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2059160261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bc049951i","title":"Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles Functionalized with Cationic and Anionic Side Chains","display_name":"Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles Functionalized with Cationic and Anionic Side Chains","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2059160261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bc049951i","mag":"2059160261","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15264879"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/bc049951i","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bc049951i","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bc049951i","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155115410","display_name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","issn_l":"1043-1802","issn":["1043-1802","1520-4812"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102809009","display_name":"Catherine M. Goodman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3415-8554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3415-8554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine M. Goodman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102844686","display_name":"Catherine E. McCusker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-9034","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-9034"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine D. McCusker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tuna Yilmaz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuna Yilmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076949431","display_name":"Vincent M. Rotello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-5439","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-5439","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9227-8514"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vincent M. Rotello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076949431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.1712,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1643,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99169573,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"897","last_page":"900"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10131","display_name":"Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications","score":0.9023000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10131","display_name":"Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications","score":0.9023000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10063","display_name":"Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery","score":0.051100000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10079","display_name":"Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications","score":0.027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gold-nanoparticles","display_name":"gold nanoparticles","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoparticle-toxicity","display_name":"nanoparticle toxicity","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cationic-side-chains","display_name":"cationic side chains","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-functionalization","display_name":"surface functionalization","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemolysis","display_name":"hemolysis","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-viability","display_name":"bacterial viability","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mtt-assay","display_name":"MTT assay","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrostatic-binding","display_name":"electrostatic binding","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipid-vesicles","display_name":"lipid vesicles","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dye-release","display_name":"dye release","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-type-specificity","display_name":"cell type specificity","score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concentration-dependent-toxicity","display_name":"concentration-dependent toxicity","score":0.5680000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.9174340963363647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183882617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046749","display_name":"Cationic polymerization","level":2,"score":0.8938082456588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779902561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471706","display_name":"Hemolysis","level":2,"score":0.8001495599746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.7130506634712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57409179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1218293","display_name":"Lysis","level":2,"score":0.6032164692878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104819515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900961","display_name":"Colloidal gold","level":3,"score":0.5645062327384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189206","display_name":"Vesicle","level":3,"score":0.558906614780426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155672457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231","display_name":"Nanoparticle","level":2,"score":0.5524484515190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.4246671199798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2985784411430359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.210904061794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.19968080520629883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.1885952651500702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000838","descriptor_name":"Anions","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002412","descriptor_name":"Cations","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002470","descriptor_name":"Cell Survival","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006046","descriptor_name":"Gold","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006046","descriptor_name":"Gold","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006461","descriptor_name":"Hemolysis","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008081","descriptor_name":"Liposomes","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008081","descriptor_name":"Liposomes","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019556","descriptor_name":"COS Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049329","descriptor_name":"Nanostructures","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049329","descriptor_name":"Nanostructures","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055672","descriptor_name":"Static Electricity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064420","descriptor_name":"Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/bc049951i","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bc049951i","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bc049951i","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155115410","display_name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","issn_l":"1043-1802","issn":["1043-1802","1520-4812"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15264879","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15264879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioconjugate chemistry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3256284285","display_name":"Biomolecular Recognition Using  Nanoparticle Receptors","funder_award_id":"R01GM062998","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5461245488","display_name":"Chemistry Biology Interface Predoctoral Training Grant","funder_award_id":"T32GM008515","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546408466","https://openalex.org/W1963550048","https://openalex.org/W1975313075","https://openalex.org/W1988578280","https://openalex.org/W1991522869","https://openalex.org/W1996426803","https://openalex.org/W2013282119","https://openalex.org/W2017269677","https://openalex.org/W2023542461","https://openalex.org/W2023665948","https://openalex.org/W2033078373","https://openalex.org/W2036628662","https://openalex.org/W2042551540","https://openalex.org/W2049085313","https://openalex.org/W2050123276","https://openalex.org/W2051345524","https://openalex.org/W2051617987","https://openalex.org/W2052603036","https://openalex.org/W2059884965","https://openalex.org/W2064907816","https://openalex.org/W2065237707","https://openalex.org/W2068690753","https://openalex.org/W2079961470","https://openalex.org/W2080500177","https://openalex.org/W2088552068","https://openalex.org/W2088655058","https://openalex.org/W2093435351","https://openalex.org/W2164907095","https://openalex.org/W2314225431"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120200304","https://openalex.org/W2044794349","https://openalex.org/W2014129610","https://openalex.org/W2167552775","https://openalex.org/W2083217909","https://openalex.org/W2125367508","https://openalex.org/W4407587668","https://openalex.org/W2938927404","https://openalex.org/W2159472222","https://openalex.org/W72793782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"structure":[1],"and":[2,30],"properties":[3],"of":[4,14],"gold":[5],"nanoparticles":[6],"make":[7],"them":[8],"useful":[9],"for":[10,85],"a":[11],"wide":[12],"array":[13],"biological":[15],"application.":[16],"Toxicity,":[17],"however,":[18],"has":[19],"been":[20],"observed":[21,73,86],"at":[22],"high":[23],"concentrations":[24],"using":[25,45,78],"these":[26],"systems.":[27],"MTT,":[28],"hemolysis,":[29],"bacterial":[31],"viability":[32],"assays":[33],"were":[34],"used":[35],"to":[36],"explore":[37],"differential":[38],"toxicity":[39,87],"among":[40],"the":[41,82,89],"cell":[42],"types":[43],"used,":[44],"2":[46],"nm":[47],"core":[48],"particles.":[49],"These":[50],"studies":[51,77],"show":[52],"that":[53],"cationic":[54,90],"particles":[55,61],"are":[56,62],"moderately":[57],"toxic,":[58],"whereas":[59],"anionic":[60],"quite":[63],"nontoxic.":[64],"Concentration-dependent":[65],"lysis":[66],"mediated":[67],"by":[68],"initial":[69],"electrostatic":[70],"binding":[71],"was":[72],"in":[74],"dye":[75],"release":[76],"lipid":[79],"vesicles,":[80],"providing":[81],"probable":[83],"mechanism":[84],"with":[88],"MMPCs.":[91]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":88},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":111},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":100},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":119},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":116},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":107},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":108},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":95},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":110}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}