{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2059148149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801684","title":"Bimolecular Crystals of Fullerenes in Conjugated Polymers and the Implications of Molecular Mixing for Solar Cells","display_name":"Bimolecular Crystals of Fullerenes in Conjugated Polymers and the Implications of Molecular Mixing for Solar Cells","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2059148149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801684","mag":"2059148149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/adfm.200801684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135204980","display_name":"Advanced Functional Materials","issn_l":"1616-301X","issn":["1616-301X","1616-3028"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Functional Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013931884","display_name":"Alex C. Mayer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. C. Mayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039478299","display_name":"Michael F. Toney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-1166","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-1166","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8337-5075"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120900","display_name":"Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource","ror":"https://ror.org/02vzbm991","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2801935854","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210120900","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael F. Toney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120900"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058910479","display_name":"Shawn Ryan Scully","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shawn R. Scully","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066036682","display_name":"Jonathan Rivnay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6485","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6485"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Rivnay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002468615","display_name":"Christoph Josef Brabec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9440-0253","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9440-0253"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph J. Brabec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Konarka Technologies Austria Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz (Austria)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Konarka Technologies Austria Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz (Austria)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049853391","display_name":"Marcus Scharber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcus Scharber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Konarka Technologies Austria Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz (Austria)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Konarka Technologies Austria Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz (Austria)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083496093","display_name":"Marcus Koppe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcus Koppe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Konarka Technologies Austria Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz (Austria)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Konarka Technologies Austria Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz (Austria)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028189146","display_name":"Martin Heeney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6879-5020","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6879-5020"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Heeney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034296749","display_name":"Iain A. McCulloch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-7217","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-7217"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iain McCulloch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053377236","display_name":"Michael D. McGehee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9609-9030","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9609-9030"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael D. McGehee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053377236"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":5790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5790},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":40.9837,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":406,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99904056,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"8","first_page":"1173","last_page":"1179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10045","display_name":"Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10045","display_name":"Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10956","display_name":"Fullerene Chemistry and Applications","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10389","display_name":"Polymer crystallization and properties","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fullerene-intercalation","display_name":"fullerene intercalation","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-fullerene-blends","display_name":"polymer-fullerene blends","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjugated-polymers","display_name":"conjugated polymers","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poly-3-hexylthiophene","display_name":"poly(3-hexylthiophene)","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-foramen-ovale","display_name":"patent foramen ovale","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fullerene-derivatives","display_name":"fullerene derivatives","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-mixing","display_name":"molecular mixing","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-separation","display_name":"phase separation","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hole-mobility","display_name":"hole mobility","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminescence-quenching","display_name":"luminescence quenching","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exciton-dissociation","display_name":"exciton dissociation","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bulk-heterojunction-solar-cells","display_name":"bulk heterojunction solar cells","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-blends","display_name":"polymer blends","score":0.35899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162862793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178026","display_name":"Fullerene","level":2,"score":0.9001331925392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8481684327125549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.665206253528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.5763640403747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66187686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472888","display_name":"Polymer solar cell","level":3,"score":0.5758293271064758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91614233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472888","display_name":"Organic solar cell","level":3,"score":0.5260148644447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46275449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2458815","display_name":"Crystallinity","level":2,"score":0.5155934691429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17729963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858289","display_name":"Exciton","level":2,"score":0.44087520241737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56052488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103382","display_name":"Amorphous solid","level":2,"score":0.4245557487010956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137824038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175562","display_name":"Intercalation (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4207111597061157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36299943923950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.2634021043777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.16013887524604797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.10173746943473816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.08486989140510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07524120807647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/adfm.200801684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135204980","display_name":"Advanced Functional Materials","issn_l":"1616-301X","issn":["1616-301X","1616-3028"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Functional Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5690000057220459}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971636336","https://openalex.org/W1973416260","https://openalex.org/W1978066098","https://openalex.org/W1978191426","https://openalex.org/W1979162682","https://openalex.org/W1989355537","https://openalex.org/W1996291528","https://openalex.org/W1996416306","https://openalex.org/W1998941483","https://openalex.org/W2006862758","https://openalex.org/W2006962496","https://openalex.org/W2008587197","https://openalex.org/W2027152187","https://openalex.org/W2028261043","https://openalex.org/W2056544067","https://openalex.org/W2093280329","https://openalex.org/W2102521642","https://openalex.org/W2105097003","https://openalex.org/W2120120657","https://openalex.org/W2123711607","https://openalex.org/W2127676067","https://openalex.org/W2139416438","https://openalex.org/W2142626370","https://openalex.org/W2148098128","https://openalex.org/W2153028269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2156845579","https://openalex.org/W2761775791","https://openalex.org/W2161469832","https://openalex.org/W2168879296","https://openalex.org/W2333321978","https://openalex.org/W1415766773","https://openalex.org/W2157092826","https://openalex.org/W2805219713","https://openalex.org/W1978140203","https://openalex.org/W2265532802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"performance":[2],"of":[3,24,29,51,56,62,126,134,169,186],"polymer:fullerene":[4,149,178],"bulk":[5],"heterojunction":[6],"solar":[7],"cells":[8],"is":[9,45,70,75,78,92,111,165],"heavily":[10],"influenced":[11],"by":[12,17,130],"the":[13,18,22,25,27,30,49,60,63,97,101,123,157,176],"interpenetrating":[14],"nanostructure":[15],"formed":[16],"two":[19],"semiconductors":[20],"because":[21],"size":[23],"phases,":[26],"nature":[28],"interface,":[31],"and":[32,39,77,87,141,191,201],"molecular":[33,158],"packing":[34],"affect":[35],"exciton":[36,119],"dissociation,":[37],"recombination,":[38],"charge":[40],"transport.":[41],"Here,":[42],"X\u2010ray":[43],"diffraction":[44],"used":[46],"to":[47,80,99,195],"demonstrate":[48],"formation":[50],"stable,":[52],"well\u2010ordered":[53],"bimolecular":[54,189],"crystals":[55,115,190],"fullerene":[57,73,102,139],"intercalated":[58],"between":[59,96,171],"side\u2010chains":[61,98],"semiconducting":[64],"polymer":[65],"poly(2,5\u2010bis(3\u2010tetradecylthiophen\u20102\u2010yl)thieno[3,2\u2010":[66],"b":[67],"]thiophene.":[68],"It":[69],"shown":[71,166],"that":[72,167],"intercalation":[74,168],"general":[76],"likely":[79],"occur":[81],"in":[82,114,147],"blends":[83],"with":[84,138],"both":[85],"amorphous":[86],"semicrystalline":[88],"polymers":[89],"when":[90,136],"there":[91],"enough":[93],"free":[94],"volume":[95],"accommodate":[100],"molecule.":[103],"These":[104,181],"findings":[105],"offer":[106],"explanations":[107],"for":[108,161,199],"why":[109,142],"luminescence":[110],"completely":[112],"quenched":[113],"much":[116],"larger":[117],"than":[118],"diffusion":[120],"lengths,":[121],"how":[122],"hole":[124],"mobility":[125],"poly(2\u2010methoxy\u20105\u2010(3\u2032,7\u2032\u2010dimethyloxy)\u2010p\u2010phylene":[127],"vinylene)":[128],"increases":[129],"over":[131],"2":[132],"orders":[133],"magnitude":[135],"blended":[137],"derivatives,":[140],"large\u2010scale":[143],"phase":[144],"separation":[145],"occurs":[146,160],"some":[148],"blend":[150],"ratios":[151],"while":[152],"thermodynamically":[153],"stable":[154],"mixing":[155],"on":[156],"scale":[159],"others.":[162],"Furthermore,":[163],"it":[164],"fullerenes":[170],"side":[172],"chains":[173],"mostly":[174],"determines":[175],"optimum":[177],"blending":[179],"ratios.":[180],"discoveries":[182],"suggest":[183],"a":[184],"method":[185],"intentionally":[187],"designing":[188],"tuning":[192],"their":[193],"properties":[194],"create":[196],"novel":[197],"materials":[198],"photovoltaic":[200],"other":[202],"applications.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":73}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
