{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058908282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/22/11/004","title":"Field-reversed configurations with a component of energetic particles","display_name":"Field-reversed configurations with a component of energetic particles","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058908282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/22/11/004","mag":"2058908282"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0029-5515/22/11/004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/22/11/004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/22/11/004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133992056","display_name":"Nuclear Fusion","issn_l":"0029-5515","issn":["0029-5515","1741-4326"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nuclear Fusion","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071052307","display_name":"John M. Finn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9902-1677","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9902-1677"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.M. Finn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068595132","display_name":"R. N. Sudan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.N. Sudan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Plasma Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Plasma Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2595,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2595},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7981,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93528369,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"11","first_page":"1443","last_page":"1518"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.8720999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.8720999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13769","display_name":"Fusion and Plasma Physics Studies","score":0.11949999630451202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10592","display_name":"Fusion materials and technologies","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-reversed-configuration","display_name":"field-reversed configuration","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energetic-particles","display_name":"energetic particles","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astron","display_name":"Astron","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-plasma","display_name":"hybrid plasma","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spheromak","display_name":"spheromak","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-compression","display_name":"magnetic compression","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-orbits","display_name":"stochastic orbits","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-frequency-stability","display_name":"low-frequency stability","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microinstabilities","display_name":"microinstabilities","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drift-modes","display_name":"drift modes","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-heating","display_name":"plasma heating","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermonuclear-ignition","display_name":"thermonuclear ignition","score":0.7789999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6804696321487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5984405279159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.48910409212112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.3527555465698242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0793156623840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/0029-5515/22/11/004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/22/11/004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/22/11/004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133992056","display_name":"Nuclear Fusion","issn_l":"0029-5515","issn":["0029-5515","1741-4326"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nuclear Fusion","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":186,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9615774","https://openalex.org/W60678757","https://openalex.org/W76415496","https://openalex.org/W101293193","https://openalex.org/W137267050","https://openalex.org/W647699047","https://openalex.org/W1587662651","https://openalex.org/W1598573928","https://openalex.org/W1605944266","https://openalex.org/W1629852946","https://openalex.org/W1679616519","https://openalex.org/W1963713401","https://openalex.org/W1964244046","https://openalex.org/W1964835315","https://openalex.org/W1965535392","https://openalex.org/W1966148051","https://openalex.org/W1966166316","https://openalex.org/W1967028344","https://openalex.org/W1968994975","https://openalex.org/W1969535504","https://openalex.org/W1969892632","https://openalex.org/W1971837479","https://openalex.org/W1971896653","https://openalex.org/W1972351577","https://openalex.org/W1973418140","https://openalex.org/W1973705852","https://openalex.org/W1974182751","https://openalex.org/W1975247081","https://openalex.org/W1977049061","https://openalex.org/W1977401468","https://openalex.org/W1977494281","https://openalex.org/W1977495826","https://openalex.org/W1978113583","https://openalex.org/W1980965542","https://openalex.org/W1982440173","https://openalex.org/W1982567626","https://openalex.org/W1983080771","https://openalex.org/W1984205000","https://openalex.org/W1985908118","https://openalex.org/W1986771266","https://openalex.org/W1987600680","https://openalex.org/W1988080449","https://openalex.org/W1989073678","https://openalex.org/W1989872152","https://openalex.org/W1992039123","https://openalex.org/W1993217189","https://openalex.org/W1993438068","https://openalex.org/W1994132156","https://openalex.org/W1994374576","https://openalex.org/W1996745058","https://openalex.org/W1998232141","https://openalex.org/W1998256122","https://openalex.org/W1999761475","https://openalex.org/W1999941697","https://openalex.org/W2002186924","https://openalex.org/W2003163848","https://openalex.org/W2003760003","https://openalex.org/W2004882730","https://openalex.org/W2005002293","https://openalex.org/W2006653170","https://openalex.org/W2006804653","https://openalex.org/W2007239854","https://openalex.org/W2007579653","https://openalex.org/W2007839177","https://openalex.org/W2008061462","https://openalex.org/W2008306419","https://openalex.org/W2009713043","https://openalex.org/W2010083098","https://openalex.org/W2010415564","https://openalex.org/W2010562837","https://openalex.org/W2011002499","https://openalex.org/W2012372621","https://openalex.org/W2013087940","https://openalex.org/W2013099045","https://openalex.org/W2014511628","https://openalex.org/W2014620977","https://openalex.org/W2015078847","https://openalex.org/W2015086545","https://openalex.org/W2015089574","https://openalex.org/W2015096255","https://openalex.org/W2015207665","https://openalex.org/W2015965366","https://openalex.org/W2016473897","https://openalex.org/W2017072909","https://openalex.org/W2017793622","https://openalex.org/W2017997393","https://openalex.org/W2018008274","https://openalex.org/W2018228837","https://openalex.org/W2019376436","https://openalex.org/W2019403634","https://openalex.org/W2019518389","https://openalex.org/W2019973742","https://openalex.org/W2022262168","https://openalex.org/W2023259669","https://openalex.org/W2024831491","https://openalex.org/W2025920690","https://openalex.org/W2026145924","https://openalex.org/W2027097107","https://openalex.org/W2028047461","https://openalex.org/W2029908214","https://openalex.org/W2031084116","https://openalex.org/W2032738040","https://openalex.org/W2034039186","https://openalex.org/W2034691620","https://openalex.org/W2034699639","https://openalex.org/W2036067893","https://openalex.org/W2038387559","https://openalex.org/W2038805873","https://openalex.org/W2040445555","https://openalex.org/W2040884065","https://openalex.org/W2041110964","https://openalex.org/W2041529975","https://openalex.org/W2042078183","https://openalex.org/W2043285665","https://openalex.org/W2043834336","https://openalex.org/W2044366197","https://openalex.org/W2044368423","https://openalex.org/W2044891739","https://openalex.org/W2046246810","https://openalex.org/W2049703263","https://openalex.org/W2050053203","https://openalex.org/W2050269155","https://openalex.org/W2050944771","https://openalex.org/W2052213197","https://openalex.org/W2052737820","https://openalex.org/W2053898464","https://openalex.org/W2055486327","https://openalex.org/W2055569714","https://openalex.org/W2059204505","https://openalex.org/W2061595080","https://openalex.org/W2062877439","https://openalex.org/W2063688483","https://openalex.org/W2063986325","https://openalex.org/W2064078381","https://openalex.org/W2064387888","https://openalex.org/W2065123825","https://openalex.org/W2065346999","https://openalex.org/W2065406301","https://openalex.org/W2067772225","https://openalex.org/W2069017371","https://openalex.org/W2069248461","https://openalex.org/W2072806096","https://openalex.org/W2072995593","https://openalex.org/W2073916659","https://openalex.org/W2074447679","https://openalex.org/W2075245041","https://openalex.org/W2075450456","https://openalex.org/W2075452112","https://openalex.org/W2075590908","https://openalex.org/W2075698550","https://openalex.org/W2076427084","https://openalex.org/W2077679251","https://openalex.org/W2080330322","https://openalex.org/W2081854621","https://openalex.org/W2082102369","https://openalex.org/W2082320605","https://openalex.org/W2084063667","https://openalex.org/W2084468447","https://openalex.org/W2084730920","https://openalex.org/W2085603022","https://openalex.org/W2085781479","https://openalex.org/W2085850579","https://openalex.org/W2087148052","https://openalex.org/W2087410458","https://openalex.org/W2087892264","https://openalex.org/W2087940495","https://openalex.org/W2088407624","https://openalex.org/W2089311489","https://openalex.org/W2089701160","https://openalex.org/W2092275645","https://openalex.org/W2093045749","https://openalex.org/W2093266452","https://openalex.org/W2093515794","https://openalex.org/W2094103663","https://openalex.org/W2094415359","https://openalex.org/W2102505962","https://openalex.org/W2114286320","https://openalex.org/W2115851074","https://openalex.org/W2125916618","https://openalex.org/W2151254009","https://openalex.org/W2157921104","https://openalex.org/W2290433099","https://openalex.org/W3089323053","https://openalex.org/W4242783971","https://openalex.org/W4245551622","https://openalex.org/W4248944341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2025920690","https://openalex.org/W2553052789","https://openalex.org/W2159350385","https://openalex.org/W2062877439","https://openalex.org/W2292326262","https://openalex.org/W1998232141","https://openalex.org/W2006804653","https://openalex.org/W3097179497","https://openalex.org/W2154653895","https://openalex.org/W2082951980"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,96],"review":[1,181],"is":[2,22,42,59,66,175,182,213,292],"concerned":[3,183],"with":[4,184,220],"the":[5,19,23,31,50,60,100,118,125,128,140,160,168,172,180,199,203,228,275,278,281],"physics":[6],"of":[7,14,17,40,82,105,127,154,157,163,167,179,187,192,208,224,240,263,280,285],"field-reversed":[8],"configurations":[9,189],"created":[10,67],"by":[11,69,190,227,244],"energetic":[12,83,229],"particles":[13,166,201],"large":[15,84],"orbits,":[16],"which":[18,36,63,139],"earliest":[20],"example":[21],"Astron.":[24],"The":[25,122,152,177,206],"Astron":[26],"concept":[27],"has":[28],"evolved":[29],"into":[30],"Ion":[32],"Ring":[33],"Compressor":[34],"in":[35,62,73,133,171,202,247,269],"a":[37,74,77,80,111,149,193,233,293],"low-energy":[38],"ring":[39],"ions":[41,86],"magnetically":[43],"compressed":[44],"to":[45,53,87,143,148,274],"high":[46],"energy":[47,90,195],"for":[48,197,232,296],"heating":[49,89],"confined":[51,170],"plasma":[52,70,169],"thermonuclear":[54],"ignition.":[55],"A":[56,252],"third":[57],"version":[58],"hybrid":[61],"field":[64],"reversal":[65],"both":[68],"currents":[71],"as":[72,91,93,114,116],"\u03b8-pinch":[75],"or":[76],"spheromak":[78],"and":[79,103,107,124,146,159,165,236,249,300],"component":[81],"orbit":[85],"provide":[88],"well":[92,115],"improved":[94],"stability.":[95],"paper":[97],"treats":[98],"first":[99],"injection,":[101],"trapping,":[102],"formation":[104],"electron":[106],"ion":[108],"rings":[109,158],"from":[110],"theoretical":[112,261,301],"standpoint":[113],"presenting":[117],"principal":[119],"experimental":[120,299],"results.":[121],"equilibria":[123],"characteristics":[126],"particle":[129,230],"orbits":[130,141],"are":[131,242],"discussed":[132,214],"some":[134,216,270],"detail":[135],"including":[136],"conditions":[137],"under":[138],"cease":[142],"be":[144],"integrable":[145],"pass":[147],"stochastic":[150],"description.":[151],"theory":[153],"magnetic":[155,250],"compression":[156],"classical":[161],"transport":[162],"heat":[164],"closed-poloidal-field-line":[173],"region":[174],"presented.":[176],"bulk":[178],"low-frequency":[185],"stability":[186],"such":[188],"means":[191],"generalized":[194],"principle":[196],"treating":[198],"large-orbit":[200],"Vlasov":[204],"limit.":[205],"pathology":[207],"all":[209],"possible":[210],"unstable":[211],"modes":[212,257],"at":[215],"length.":[217],"We":[218],"conclude":[219,237],"an":[221],"exhaustive":[222],"survey":[223],"microinstabilities":[225],"driven":[226],"current":[231],"special":[234],"model":[235],"that":[238,277],"most":[239],"them":[241],"stabilized":[243],"strong":[245],"gradients":[246],"density":[248],"field.":[251],"brief":[253],"discussion":[254],"on":[255,289],"drift":[256],"follows.":[258],"Our":[259],"present":[260],"understanding":[262],"these":[264,290],"systems,":[265],"although":[266],"still":[267],"incomplete":[268],"respects,":[271],"nevertheless":[272],"leads":[273],"view":[276],"promise":[279],"very":[282],"favourable":[283],"features":[284],"fusion":[286],"reactors":[287],"based":[288],"concepts":[291],"sufficient":[294],"impetus":[295],"their":[297],"continued":[298],"study.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}