{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058905669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2802584","title":"High-energy 2 \u00b5m Doppler lidar for wind measurements","display_name":"High-energy 2 \u00b5m Doppler lidar for wind measurements","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058905669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2802584","mag":"2058905669"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.2802584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2802584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2802584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175543413","display_name":"Optical Engineering","issn_l":"0091-3286","issn":["0091-3286","1560-2303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034769719","display_name":"Grady J. Koch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319063186","display_name":"Langley Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0399mhs52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27825529","display_name":"California State University Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/0294hxs80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27825529"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grady J. Koch","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Langley Research Ctr","California State University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90032"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Langley Research Ctr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Los Angeles, California 90032","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27825529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029767658","display_name":"Jeffrey Y. Beyon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27825529","display_name":"California State University Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/0294hxs80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27825529"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Y. Beyon","raw_affiliation_strings":["California State Univ./Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State Univ./Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27825529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106184583","display_name":"Bruce W. Barnes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319063186","display_name":"Langley Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0399mhs52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce W. Barnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Langley Research Ctr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Langley Research Ctr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109085215","display_name":"Mulugeta Petros B","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319063186","display_name":"Langley Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0399mhs52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mulugeta Petros","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Langley Research Ctr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Langley Research Ctr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110113275","display_name":"Jirong Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319063186","display_name":"Langley Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0399mhs52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jirong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Langley Research Ctr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Langley Research Ctr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019236912","display_name":"Farzin Amzajerdian A","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319063186","display_name":"Langley Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0399mhs52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farzin Amzajerdian","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Langley Research Ctr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Langley Research Ctr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015557997","display_name":"Michael J. Kavaya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319063186","display_name":"Langley Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0399mhs52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Kavaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Langley Research Ctr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Langley Research Ctr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101897662","display_name":"Upendra N. Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-859X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-859X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319063186","display_name":"Langley Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0399mhs52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Upendra N. Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Langley Research Ctr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Langley Research Ctr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034769719"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319063186","https://openalex.org/I27825529"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.888,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":127,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94775313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"11","first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11127","display_name":"Solid State Laser Technologies","score":0.8217999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11127","display_name":"Solid State Laser Technologies","score":0.8217999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.040300000458955765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.03350000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-lidar","display_name":"Doppler lidar","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2-mum-wavelength","display_name":"2 \u03bcm wavelength","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-measurement","display_name":"wind measurement","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diode-pumped-solid-state-laser","display_name":"diode-pumped solid-state laser","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-pulse-energy","display_name":"high pulse energy","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-frequency-operation","display_name":"single-frequency operation","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"digital signal processing","score":0.8610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6994948387145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5962556600570679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5951403379440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C751236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175943","display_name":"Photodiode","level":2,"score":0.5311822891235352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5032715201377869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.487765371799469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.47181403636932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23125352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210765","display_name":"Photodetector","level":2,"score":0.4241284728050232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.4107288122177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4058971107006073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3387717306613922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24893319606781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.159775972366333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.2802584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2802584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2802584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175543413","display_name":"Optical Engineering","issn_l":"0091-3286","issn":["0091-3286","1560-2303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311672","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312852","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332222","display_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W327980913","https://openalex.org/W1557287575","https://openalex.org/W1845260174","https://openalex.org/W1853456146","https://openalex.org/W1983782323","https://openalex.org/W1985775322","https://openalex.org/W1989313569","https://openalex.org/W1994671531","https://openalex.org/W2002494232","https://openalex.org/W2008630787","https://openalex.org/W2021029491","https://openalex.org/W2032248376","https://openalex.org/W2036207647","https://openalex.org/W2045525245","https://openalex.org/W2047621283","https://openalex.org/W2054027606","https://openalex.org/W2056284729","https://openalex.org/W2072379540","https://openalex.org/W2079706938","https://openalex.org/W2082579400","https://openalex.org/W2102239728","https://openalex.org/W2140221116","https://openalex.org/W2154163685","https://openalex.org/W2154212720","https://openalex.org/W2165449316","https://openalex.org/W2483424394","https://openalex.org/W4250018749"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117060355","https://openalex.org/W2769754360","https://openalex.org/W2030657199","https://openalex.org/W7098687235","https://openalex.org/W6982195046","https://openalex.org/W7098187414","https://openalex.org/W294112568","https://openalex.org/W2017430178","https://openalex.org/W2086906909","https://openalex.org/W7095397533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,61],"coherent":[1],"Doppler":[2],"lidar":[3],"at":[4],"2":[5,98],"\u00b5m":[6,99],"wavelength":[7],"has":[8,66],"been":[9,67],"built":[10],"with":[11,97],"higher":[12],"output":[13],"energy":[14,37,82],"(100":[15],"mJ)":[16],"than":[17],"previously":[18],"available.":[19],"The":[20,79],"laser":[21,31],"transmitter":[22],"is":[23,41,53],"based":[24],"on":[25],"diode-pumped":[26],"Ho:Tm:LuLiF,":[27],"a":[28,44,58],"recently":[29],"developed":[30],"material":[32],"that":[33],"allows":[34],"more":[35],"efficient":[36],"extraction.":[38],"Single-frequency":[39],"operation":[40],"achieved":[42],"by":[43],"ramp-and-fire":[45],"injection":[46],"seeding":[47],"technique.":[48],"An":[49],"advanced":[50],"photodetector":[51],"architecture":[52],"used":[54],"incorporating":[55],"photodiodes":[56],"in":[57],"dual-balanced":[59],"configuration.":[60],"digital":[62],"signal":[63],"processing":[64],"system":[65],"built,":[68],"allowing":[69],"real-time":[70],"display":[71],"of":[72,89],"wind":[73,90,103],"and":[74,83,101],"aerosol":[75],"backscatter":[76],"data":[77],"products.":[78],"high":[80],"pulse":[81],"receiver":[84],"efficiency":[85],"provides":[86],"for":[87],"measurement":[88],"fields":[91],"to":[92,107],"ranges":[93],"not":[94],"seen":[95],"before":[96],"lidars,":[100],"example":[102],"measurements":[104],"were":[105],"made":[106],"show":[108],"this":[109],"capability.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}