{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058760326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","title":"The economics of organized crime and optimal law enforcement","display_name":"The economics of organized crime and optimal law enforcement","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058760326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","mag":"2058760326"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206615888","display_name":"Economic Inquiry","issn_l":"0043-3640","issn":["0043-3640","0095-2583","1465-7295"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economic Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051034247","display_name":"Nuno M. Garoupa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-0918","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-0918"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","display_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","ror":"https://ror.org/04n0g0b29","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"N Garoupa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain Tel: 34 93 542 2639 Fax: 34 93 542 1746 E-mail: nuno.garoupa@econ.upf.es"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain Tel: 34 93 542 2639 Fax: 34 93 542 1746 E-mail: nuno.garoupa@econ.upf.es","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051034247"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7851,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92520559,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"2","first_page":"278","last_page":"288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.763700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.763700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.23070000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organized-crime","display_name":"organized crime","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extortion","display_name":"extortion","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-organizations","display_name":"criminal organizations","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-organization","display_name":"vertical organization","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-agent-model","display_name":"principal-agent model","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-welfare-welfare-economics","display_name":"social welfare (welfare economics)","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threats-and-violence","display_name":"threats and violence","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-deterrence","display_name":"crime deterrence","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779066997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6452087","display_name":"Extortion","level":2,"score":0.9833301901817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.77467942237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106866004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264259","display_name":"Economic rent","level":2,"score":0.5509976148605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5473719239234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86432685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219186","display_name":"Commercial law","level":2,"score":0.5304234623908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.48341071605682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.47988975048065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780982575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332142","display_name":"Deterrence (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4709656536579132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.470403254032135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44608891010284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3723672330379486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.34474650025367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.21854588389396667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1468454897403717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.1267366111278534}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206615888","display_name":"Economic Inquiry","issn_l":"0043-3640","issn":["0043-3640","0095-2583","1465-7295"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economic Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositori.upf.edu:10230/930","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://econ-papers.upf.edu/ca/paper.php?id=246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402615","display_name":"Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","host_organization_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00017.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206615888","display_name":"Economic Inquiry","issn_l":"0043-3640","issn":["0043-3640","0095-2583","1465-7295"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economic Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2058760326.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2058760326.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W246506693","https://openalex.org/W1480868722","https://openalex.org/W1499237739","https://openalex.org/W1536402781","https://openalex.org/W1575812287","https://openalex.org/W1600606581","https://openalex.org/W1963574463","https://openalex.org/W1981360074","https://openalex.org/W1988149130","https://openalex.org/W1991185137","https://openalex.org/W2016701684","https://openalex.org/W2028098419","https://openalex.org/W2029293307","https://openalex.org/W2051528258","https://openalex.org/W2062929352","https://openalex.org/W2070706475","https://openalex.org/W2093466511","https://openalex.org/W2138057253","https://openalex.org/W2189821821","https://openalex.org/W2993696453","https://openalex.org/W3124289895","https://openalex.org/W4244085883","https://openalex.org/W4302405413","https://openalex.org/W4388061932","https://openalex.org/W4396531504","https://openalex.org/W6770783661"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064822140","https://openalex.org/W3121593009","https://openalex.org/W2981802219","https://openalex.org/W2891370454","https://openalex.org/W3121517143","https://openalex.org/W3125771339","https://openalex.org/W7099554275","https://openalex.org/W3125038154","https://openalex.org/W2163461767","https://openalex.org/W4386861823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"extends":[2],"the":[3,13,21,27,42,47,69,82,90],"optimal":[4],"law":[5,75,105],"enforcement":[6],"literature":[7],"to":[8,41,71,86,101],"organized":[9],"crime.":[10],"I":[11],"model":[12],"criminal":[14,43,61,83],"organization":[15,84],"as":[16,33],"a":[17,36,60],"vertical":[18],"structure":[19],"where":[20],"principal":[22],"extracts":[23],"some":[24],"rents":[25],"from":[26,39],"agents":[28],"through":[29],"extortion.":[30],"As":[31],"long":[32],"extortion":[34,50,78,93],"is":[35,51,79,94],"costless":[37],"transfer":[38],"individuals":[40],"organization,":[44],"not":[45],"only":[46],"existence":[48,91],"of":[49,92],"social":[52,95],"welfare":[53,96],"improving":[54],"because":[55,81],"it":[56,66],"makes":[57],"engaging":[58],"in":[59],"offense":[62],"less":[63],"attractive":[64],"but":[65],"also":[67],"allows":[68],"government":[70],"reduce":[72],"expenditures":[73,103],"on":[74,104],"enforcement.":[76,106],"When":[77],"costly":[80],"resorts":[85],"threats":[87],"and":[88,98],"violence,":[89],"diminishing":[97],"may":[99],"lead":[100],"higher":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}