{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2057435546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x","title":"Educational Policy and Country Outcomes in International Cognitive Competence Studies","display_name":"Educational Policy and Country Outcomes in International Cognitive Competence Studies","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2057435546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x","mag":"2057435546","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26161733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27228949","display_name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","issn_l":"1745-6916","issn":["1745-6916","1745-6924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038156651","display_name":"Heiner Rindermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5137-8922","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5137-8922"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heiner Rindermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Psychology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Psychology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054349463","display_name":"Stephen J. Ceci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2835-9707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2835-9707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen J. Ceci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Development, Cornell University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Development, Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038156651","https://openalex.org/A5054349463"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117","https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":50.0921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99734534,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"6","first_page":"551","last_page":"568"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11300","display_name":"Global Educational Policies and Reforms","score":0.43650001287460327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11300","display_name":"Global Educational Policies and Reforms","score":0.43650001287460327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.39010000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.05559999868273735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy","display_name":"education policy","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preschool-education","display_name":"preschool education","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-discipline","display_name":"student discipline","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-tracking","display_name":"early tracking","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-testing","display_name":"standardized testing","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-stakes-testing","display_name":"high-stakes testing","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-retention","display_name":"school retention","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-size","display_name":"class size","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-reform","display_name":"educational reform","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"democracy","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-outcomes","display_name":"health outcomes","score":0.7239999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.6444827318191528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5848543047904968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779297142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412","display_name":"Educational attainment","level":2,"score":0.5828027129173279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.5796911120414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5115736126899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4397081136703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.42523738741874695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3254617154598236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3208090662956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2466573715209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.23750391602516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.22583165764808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.22141069173812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10153847932815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27228949","display_name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","issn_l":"1745-6916","issn":["1745-6916","1745-6924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26161733","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26161733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4099999964237213}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9784321","https://openalex.org/W10255409","https://openalex.org/W100384806","https://openalex.org/W164886291","https://openalex.org/W566141905","https://openalex.org/W627462258","https://openalex.org/W1495524096","https://openalex.org/W1496799874","https://openalex.org/W1499862992","https://openalex.org/W1527538092","https://openalex.org/W1557941956","https://openalex.org/W1558195701","https://openalex.org/W1593222164","https://openalex.org/W1600912621","https://openalex.org/W1971075415","https://openalex.org/W1972690067","https://openalex.org/W1973238574","https://openalex.org/W1976727984","https://openalex.org/W1984169180","https://openalex.org/W1985999359","https://openalex.org/W1987959969","https://openalex.org/W1990277737","https://openalex.org/W1996595161","https://openalex.org/W1997261150","https://openalex.org/W1998733518","https://openalex.org/W2003960890","https://openalex.org/W2004417235","https://openalex.org/W2010786951","https://openalex.org/W2011861192","https://openalex.org/W2018806404","https://openalex.org/W2020600015","https://openalex.org/W2021547597","https://openalex.org/W2022223650","https://openalex.org/W2023727762","https://openalex.org/W2025938646","https://openalex.org/W2027728524","https://openalex.org/W2036779224","https://openalex.org/W2042390282","https://openalex.org/W2042719068","https://openalex.org/W2048148426","https://openalex.org/W2049793738","https://openalex.org/W2051436187","https://openalex.org/W2053062811","https://openalex.org/W2057827591","https://openalex.org/W2066217190","https://openalex.org/W2075631829","https://openalex.org/W2080712097","https://openalex.org/W2091334158","https://openalex.org/W2092968198","https://openalex.org/W2093895507","https://openalex.org/W2095224140","https://openalex.org/W2100217005","https://openalex.org/W2103164064","https://openalex.org/W2104186659","https://openalex.org/W2106887558","https://openalex.org/W2111424343","https://openalex.org/W2112657826","https://openalex.org/W2115017378","https://openalex.org/W2125721045","https://openalex.org/W2131730780","https://openalex.org/W2135714213","https://openalex.org/W2138903015","https://openalex.org/W2140125999","https://openalex.org/W2141271022","https://openalex.org/W2146607332","https://openalex.org/W2148795955","https://openalex.org/W2156471102","https://openalex.org/W2165018471","https://openalex.org/W2166974667","https://openalex.org/W2167630892","https://openalex.org/W2169307545","https://openalex.org/W2169675685","https://openalex.org/W2171736972","https://openalex.org/W2268933301","https://openalex.org/W2577677392","https://openalex.org/W2739026831","https://openalex.org/W2891129865","https://openalex.org/W3022732902","https://openalex.org/W3023070006","https://openalex.org/W3121425414","https://openalex.org/W3122436209","https://openalex.org/W3123094392","https://openalex.org/W3123542774","https://openalex.org/W3124340362","https://openalex.org/W4210806810","https://openalex.org/W4230404682","https://openalex.org/W4232201329","https://openalex.org/W4232463589","https://openalex.org/W4235120933","https://openalex.org/W4246277179","https://openalex.org/W4252673062","https://openalex.org/W4255818028","https://openalex.org/W4290016560","https://openalex.org/W4399220294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W338088115","https://openalex.org/W2550178717","https://openalex.org/W6976917186","https://openalex.org/W3114044396","https://openalex.org/W2967312023","https://openalex.org/W314803882","https://openalex.org/W7216794489","https://openalex.org/W254395609","https://openalex.org/W2003646450","https://openalex.org/W242227342"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prior":[0],"studies":[1,32],"of":[2,18,23,48,60,67,70,79,85,95,115,129,146,162],"studentsqqaposxx":[3],"and":[4,55,98,101,118,152,186],"adultsqqaposxx":[5],"cognitive":[6,41,137],"competence":[7,138],"have":[8,37],"shown":[9],"large":[10],"differences":[11,26,72,135,155],"between":[12],"nations,":[13],"equivalent":[14],"to":[15,20,28,45],"a":[16,46,65],"difference":[17],"5":[19],"10":[21],"years":[22],"schooling.":[24],"These":[25],"seem":[27],"be":[29,140,158],"relevant":[30],"because":[31],"using":[33],"different":[34],"research":[35],"paradigms":[36],"demonstrated":[38],"that":[39,133,153],"population-level":[40],"abilities":[42],"are":[43],"related":[44],"number":[47,66],"important":[49,168],"societal":[50],"outcomes,":[51],"including":[52,76],"productivity,":[53],"democratization,":[54],"health.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"overview":[59],"transnational":[61],"differences,":[62],"we":[63],"document":[64],"positive":[68],"predictors":[69],"international":[71,134,181],"in":[73,136,142,175,183],"student":[74,82],"competence,":[75],"the":[77,93,127,147],"amount":[78],"preschool":[80],"education,":[81,86],"discipline,":[83],"quantity":[84],"attendance":[87],"at":[88],"additional":[89],"schools,":[90],"early":[91],"tracking,":[92],"use":[94],"centralized":[96],"exams":[97],"high-stakes":[99],"tests,":[100],"adult":[102],"educational":[103,150,164,176],"attainment.":[104],"We":[105],"found":[106],"rather":[107],"negative":[108],"relationships":[109],"for":[110,172,179],"grade":[111],"retention":[112],"rates,":[113],"age":[114],"school":[116],"onset,":[117],"class":[119],"size.":[120],"Altogether,":[121],"these":[122,154],"results,":[123],"when":[124],"combined":[125],"with":[126],"outcomes":[128],"earlier":[130],"studies,":[131],"demonstrate":[132],"can":[139,157],"explained":[141],"part":[143],"by":[144,160],"aspects":[145],"respective":[148],"countriesqqaposxx":[149],"systems":[151],"consequently":[156],"reduced":[159],"reform":[161],"their":[163],"policy.":[165],"This":[166],"has":[167],"implications":[169],"not":[170],"just":[171],"closing":[173],"gaps":[174,182],"achievement,":[177],"but":[178],"narrowing":[180],"wealth,":[184],"health,":[185],"democracy.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}