{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2057199729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175","title":"Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain.","display_name":"Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain.","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2057199729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175","mag":"2057199729","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3362866","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/280166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/280166","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111590901","display_name":"Ron Kohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7268-9845","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7268-9845"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Kohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017269198","display_name":"Yumi Yamamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7188-9618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7188-9618"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720","Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112472756","display_name":"Kenneth C. Cundy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K C Cundy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720","Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047067531","display_name":"B N Ames","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2891-8993","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2891-8993"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B N Ames","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720","Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.3515,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":792,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99081552,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"85","issue":"9","first_page":"3175","last_page":"3179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13551","display_name":"Biochemical effects in animals","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13551","display_name":"Biochemical effects in animals","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13013","display_name":"Free Radicals and Antioxidants","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10445","display_name":"Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2704","display_name":"Biochemistry (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carnosine","display_name":"carnosine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homocarnosine","display_name":"homocarnosine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anserine","display_name":"anserine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant-activity","display_name":"antioxidant activity","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histidine-derivatives","display_name":"histidine derivatives","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle","display_name":"muscle","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain","display_name":"brain","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper-catalyzed-oxidation","display_name":"copper-catalyzed oxidation","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-chelation","display_name":"metal chelation","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singlet-oxygen-quenching","display_name":"singlet oxygen quenching","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogenous-antioxidants","display_name":"endogenous antioxidants","score":0.6639999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780687331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413822","display_name":"Carnosine","level":2,"score":0.9941025376319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777832065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415335","display_name":"Anserine","level":4,"score":0.9911388158798218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.7996301651000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778004101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Antioxidant","level":2,"score":0.7442259788513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778460671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485277","display_name":"Histidine","level":3,"score":0.6842852234840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.5316883325576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986274086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199678","display_name":"Ascorbic acid","level":2,"score":0.5072116851806641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781109383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898497","display_name":"Hydroxylation","level":3,"score":0.48837560415267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121745418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585536","display_name":"Quenching (fluorescence)","level":3,"score":0.4881904721260071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.4472964406013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.1816428303718567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91881484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807","display_name":"Fluorescence","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000578","descriptor_name":"Amidines","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000861","descriptor_name":"Anserine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001391","descriptor_name":"Azo Compounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002336","descriptor_name":"Carnosine","qualifier_ui":"Q000031","qualifier_name":"analogs & derivatives","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002336","descriptor_name":"Carnosine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002851","descriptor_name":"Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003849","descriptor_name":"Deoxyguanosine","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004151","descriptor_name":"Dipeptides","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004563","descriptor_name":"Electrochemistry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005609","descriptor_name":"Free Radicals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006639","descriptor_name":"Histidine","qualifier_ui":"Q000031","qualifier_name":"analogs & derivatives","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006639","descriptor_name":"Histidine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008054","descriptor_name":"Lipid Peroxides","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009132","descriptor_name":"Muscles","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009570","descriptor_name":"Nitriles","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012996","descriptor_name":"Solutions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013329","descriptor_name":"Structure-Activity Relationship","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:280166","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/280166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:3362866","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3362866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2499722493","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/31967","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:280166","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/280166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2793094153","display_name":"ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER","funder_award_id":"P30ES001896","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8532870326","display_name":"MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS","funder_award_id":"R35CA039910","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164755579","https://openalex.org/W1545483851","https://openalex.org/W1545827397","https://openalex.org/W1596345468","https://openalex.org/W1969982879","https://openalex.org/W1977973510","https://openalex.org/W1986981755","https://openalex.org/W2001712555","https://openalex.org/W2010093378","https://openalex.org/W2010094123","https://openalex.org/W2010202988","https://openalex.org/W2014045791","https://openalex.org/W2024755124","https://openalex.org/W2025372788","https://openalex.org/W2032422922","https://openalex.org/W2053368745","https://openalex.org/W2056168344","https://openalex.org/W2056336868","https://openalex.org/W2067758151","https://openalex.org/W2071564412","https://openalex.org/W2080739904","https://openalex.org/W2090286543","https://openalex.org/W2090389394","https://openalex.org/W2092628884","https://openalex.org/W2134005714","https://openalex.org/W2151559288","https://openalex.org/W2169148666","https://openalex.org/W2279579902","https://openalex.org/W2409173071","https://openalex.org/W2415207137","https://openalex.org/W2415915498","https://openalex.org/W2464221994","https://openalex.org/W2469701067","https://openalex.org/W2614442853","https://openalex.org/W4206267791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2499722493","https://openalex.org/W1820599226","https://openalex.org/W339426184","https://openalex.org/W2117895323","https://openalex.org/W150097207","https://openalex.org/W15893577","https://openalex.org/W2367832964","https://openalex.org/W2416903417","https://openalex.org/W2588971558","https://openalex.org/W2413200557"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Carnosine,":[0,44],"homocarnosine,":[1,45],"and":[2,12,17,47,86,103,124],"anserine":[3],"are":[4,107],"present":[5],"in":[6,9,70,122],"high":[7],"concentrations":[8],"the":[10,77],"muscle":[11],"brain":[13,123],"of":[14,29,56,80,91,96,100,105],"many":[15],"animals":[16],"humans.":[18],"However,":[19],"their":[20,37],"exact":[21],"function":[22],"is":[23],"not":[24],"clear.":[25],"The":[26,110],"antioxidant":[27,53],"activity":[28,62],"these":[30,57,116],"compounds":[31,58,118],"has":[32],"been":[33],"examined":[34],"by":[35,83],"testing":[36],"peroxyl":[38,60],"radical-trapping":[39,61],"ability":[40],"at":[41],"physiological":[42],"concentrations.":[43],"anserine,":[46],"other":[48],"histidine":[49],"derivatives":[50],"all":[51],"showed":[52],"activity.":[54],"All":[55],"showing":[59],"were":[63],"also":[64,108],"electrochemically":[65],"active":[66],"as":[67,94,119],"reducing":[68],"agents":[69],"cyclic":[71],"voltammetric":[72],"measurements.":[73],"Furthermore,":[74],"carnosine":[75],"inhibited":[76],"oxidative":[78],"hydroxylation":[79],"deoxyguanosine":[81],"induced":[82],"ascorbic":[84],"acid":[85],"copper":[87],"ions.":[88],"Other":[89],"roles":[90],"carnosine,":[92],"such":[93],"chelation":[95],"metal":[97],"ions,":[98],"quenching":[99],"singlet":[101],"oxygen,":[102],"binding":[104],"hydroperoxides,":[106],"discussed.":[109],"data":[111],"suggest":[112],"a":[113],"role":[114],"for":[115],"histidine-related":[117],"endogenous":[120],"antioxidants":[121],"muscle.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":28}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
