{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2057091121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000262195","title":"Age of Learning Affects Rate-Dependent Processing of Stops in a Second Language","display_name":"Age of Learning Affects Rate-Dependent Processing of Stops in a Second Language","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2057091121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000262195","mag":"2057091121","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8618957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1159/000262195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000262195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000262195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137490058","display_name":"Phonetica","issn_l":"0031-8388","issn":["0031-8388","1423-0321"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317820","host_organization_name":"Karger Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317820"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Karger Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110141529","display_name":"James Emil Flege","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1743-6723","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1743-6723"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["SG","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Emil Flege","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biocommunication , University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ala. b Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology , Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA; c Nanyang Technological University , Singapore","cNanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biocommunication , University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ala. b Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology , Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA; c Nanyang Technological University , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238","https://openalex.org/I172675005","https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"cNanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103860124","display_name":"Anna Marie Schmidt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["SG","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Marie Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biocommunication , University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ala. b Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology , Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA; c Nanyang Technological University , Singapore","cNanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biocommunication , University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ala. b Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology , Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA; c Nanyang Technological University , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238","https://openalex.org/I172675005","https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"cNanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Glenn Wharton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["SG","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glenn Wharton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biocommunication , University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ala. b Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology , Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA; c Nanyang Technological University , Singapore","cNanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biocommunication , University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ala. b Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology , Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA; c Nanyang Technological University , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238","https://openalex.org/I172675005","https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"cNanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2712},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4564,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81332383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"3","first_page":"143","last_page":"161"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-of-second-language-acquisition","display_name":"age of second language acquisition","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-rate","display_name":"speech rate","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-onset-time","display_name":"voice onset time","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stop-consonants","display_name":"stop consonants","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-phonetics","display_name":"second language phonetics","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spanish-english-bilinguals","display_name":"Spanish-English bilinguals","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syllable-duration","display_name":"syllable duration","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilingual-speech-perception","display_name":"bilingual speech perception","score":0.4309999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7211918234825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109089402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8188","display_name":"Syllable","level":2,"score":0.596799910068512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49876356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002651","display_name":"Neuroscience of multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.5928484797477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5545677542686462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89051679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627770","display_name":"Voice-onset time","level":3,"score":0.5227080583572388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5109140276908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.4626297652721405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0640040934085846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003431","descriptor_name":"Cross-Cultural Comparison","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008800","descriptor_name":"Mexico","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010700","descriptor_name":"Phonetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013067","descriptor_name":"Speech Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014706","descriptor_name":"Verbal Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1159/000262195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000262195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000262195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137490058","display_name":"Phonetica","issn_l":"0031-8388","issn":["0031-8388","1423-0321"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317820","host_organization_name":"Karger Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317820"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Karger Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8618957","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8618957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Phonetica","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3764389318","display_name":"DEVELOPMENT OF PHONETIC CATEGORIES","funder_award_id":"R01DC000257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhx6838"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514466124","https://openalex.org/W1967378640","https://openalex.org/W1994777387","https://openalex.org/W2015906283","https://openalex.org/W2017800158","https://openalex.org/W2056485803","https://openalex.org/W2150423550","https://openalex.org/W2164875251","https://openalex.org/W2289074721"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067059929","https://openalex.org/W1971387980","https://openalex.org/W2051424089","https://openalex.org/W1977770926","https://openalex.org/W2068275880","https://openalex.org/W2078367132","https://openalex.org/W2057883049","https://openalex.org/W4396678172","https://openalex.org/W2508618146","https://openalex.org/W2887131287"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,70,117,142,178],"aim":[1],"of":[2,10,17,24,56,63,77,92,128,154],"this":[3],"study":[4],"was":[5,132,202],"to":[6,110,150,191,219],"assess":[7],"the":[8,15,57,61,135,146,155,167,175,182,188,197,207],"effect":[9],"speaking":[11,129,161],"rate":[12,162,170],"changes":[13],"on":[14,145],"perception":[16],"English":[18,26,35,43,58,71,81,93,115,118,158,176,183],"stop":[19,225],"consonants":[20,226],"by":[21,138],"four":[22],"groups":[23],"subjects:":[25],"and":[27,38,48,83,185],"Spanish":[28,143,168,189],"monolinguals,":[29,144,184],"'early'":[30],"Spanish/English":[31,199],"bilinguals":[32,40,180,211,218],"who":[33,41],"learned":[34,42],"in":[36,44,134,227],"childhood,":[37],"'late'":[39],"adulthood.":[45],"Subjects":[46],"identified,":[47],"then":[49,102],"later":[50],"rated":[51],"for":[52,114,206,224],"goodness":[53,96,120,165],"as":[54,80,89,99,107,125,157,204],"exemplars":[55],"/p/":[59],"category,":[60],"members":[62],"two":[64,136],"voice":[65],"onset":[66],"time":[67],"(VOT)":[68],"continua.":[69],"monolinguals":[72,190],"identified":[73],"a":[74,104,126,192,228],"well-defined":[75],"range":[76],"VOT":[78,87,100,108],"stimuli":[79,84,156],"/p/,":[82],"with":[85],"longer":[86],"values":[88,112],"'exaggerated'":[90],"instances":[91],"/p/.":[94,116,159],"Their":[95],"ratings":[97,121],"increased":[98],"increased,":[101],"showed":[103],"systematic":[105],"decrease":[106],"began":[109],"exceed":[111],"typical":[113],"monolinguals'":[119,169],"also":[122],"varied":[123],"systematically":[124],"function":[127],"rate,":[130],"which":[131],"simulated":[133],"continua":[137],"varying":[139],"syllable":[140],"duration.":[141],"other":[147],"hand,":[148],"failed":[149],"consistently":[151],"identify":[152],"any":[153],"Although":[160],"influenced":[163],"their":[164],"ratings,":[166],"effects":[171],"differed":[172,186],"significantly":[173],"from":[174,187],"monolinguals'.":[177],"early":[179,210],"resembled":[181],"greater":[193],"extent":[194],"than":[195,215],"did":[196],"late":[198,217],"bilinguals.":[200],"This":[201],"taken":[203],"support":[205],"hypothesis":[208],"that":[209],"are":[212,216],"more":[213],"likely":[214],"establish":[220],"new":[221],"phonetic":[222],"categories":[223],"second":[229],"language.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}