{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2056958268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730911003894","title":"Discriminate analysis gender public school principal servant leadership differences","display_name":"Discriminate analysis gender public school principal servant leadership differences","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2056958268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730911003894","mag":"2056958268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/01437730911003894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730911003894","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730911003894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189271","display_name":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal","issn_l":"0143-7739","issn":["0143-7739","1472-5347"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067667925","display_name":"Max Fridell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11123151","display_name":"Northwest Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05maved80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11123151"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Fridell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11123151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000068282","display_name":"Rebecca Newcom Belcher","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11123151","display_name":"Northwest Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05maved80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11123151"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca Newcom Belcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11123151"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111503118","display_name":"Phillip E. Messner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11123151","display_name":"Northwest Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05maved80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11123151"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillip E. Messner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11123151"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11123151"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.8759,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96670252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"8","first_page":"722","last_page":"736"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.9208999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.9208999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12952","display_name":"School Leadership and Teacher Performance","score":0.06790000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/servant-leadership","display_name":"servant leadership","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traditional-leadership","display_name":"traditional leadership","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-principals","display_name":"school principals","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-schools","display_name":"public schools","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-intelligence","display_name":"emotional intelligence","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership-styles","display_name":"leadership styles","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrument-development","display_name":"instrument development","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-and-validity","display_name":"reliability and validity","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-stereotypes-in-leadership","display_name":"gender stereotypes in leadership","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-equality-in-leadership","display_name":"gender equality in leadership","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-equity-in-leadership","display_name":"gender equity in leadership","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-diversity-in-leadership","display_name":"gender diversity in leadership","score":0.5540000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67126808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912387","display_name":"Servant leadership","level":3,"score":0.8251128196716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6889528036117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197386563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508686","display_name":"Leadership style","level":2,"score":0.6710551381111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5718091130256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.5481246113777161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107309635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484275","display_name":"Leadership","level":3,"score":0.47959816455841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4455467462539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174107131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191591","display_name":"Emotional intelligence","level":2,"score":0.42541757225990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38775462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569376","display_name":"Transformational leadership","level":2,"score":0.4182097911834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3351551294326782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.1953209936618805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08312880992889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/01437730911003894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730911003894","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730911003894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189271","display_name":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal","issn_l":"0143-7739","issn":["0143-7739","1472-5347"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32159058","https://openalex.org/W134984977","https://openalex.org/W135258493","https://openalex.org/W1509593967","https://openalex.org/W1523895391","https://openalex.org/W1573234480","https://openalex.org/W1582248543","https://openalex.org/W1741352683","https://openalex.org/W1889253696","https://openalex.org/W2006752053","https://openalex.org/W2043867338","https://openalex.org/W2082047849","https://openalex.org/W2093818392","https://openalex.org/W2097313478","https://openalex.org/W2102754135","https://openalex.org/W2133668584","https://openalex.org/W2140779040","https://openalex.org/W2150376517","https://openalex.org/W2158333470","https://openalex.org/W2487367412","https://openalex.org/W2718261013","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6601291160"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021064052","https://openalex.org/W2291058401","https://openalex.org/W160963506","https://openalex.org/W3198396150","https://openalex.org/W2767926986","https://openalex.org/W1530469567","https://openalex.org/W55979004","https://openalex.org/W7097309136","https://openalex.org/W7019019505","https://openalex.org/W6889265952"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"This":[1,165,284,367],"paper":[2,368,410],"seeks":[3],"to":[4,8,24,135,189,216,229,298,305,331,338,362,391,398,418,454],"apply":[5],"discriminate":[6],"analysis":[7,162],"determine":[9],"principal's":[10],"leadership":[11,47,60,185,232,240,282,357,384,389,406],"styles":[12,158,241,385,390,415,434],"differences":[13,235,249],"between":[14,27,42,208,236,250,278],"genders":[15,237],"in":[16,97,101,206,238,312,343],"USA":[17,299],"Midwest":[18,99,300,313],"public":[19,73,95,302],"schools.":[20],"A":[21],"distinction":[22],"is":[23,53,62,214,273,286,296,327,451],"be":[25,190,204,399],"made":[26],"\u201cservant\u201d":[28],"(seen":[29],"as":[30,55,330],"aligned":[31,56,182],"with":[32,57,173,183],"emotional":[33,58],"intelligence)":[34,59],"and":[35,80,116,121,126,178,193,210,221,252,264,280,321,325,341,354,386,401,421,442,456],"\u201ctraditional\u201d":[36],"(or":[37],"top\u2010down)":[38,46],"leadership.":[39],"The":[40,86,104,132,379,394,409,448],"debate":[41],"the":[43,50,90,102,142,289,294,306,332,344,347,370,377,404,419],"traditional":[44,383],"(or,":[45],"approach,":[48],"versus":[49],"servant":[51,388,405],"(which":[52],"seen":[54],"approach":[61],"ripe":[63],"for":[64,89,352],"investigation.":[65],"Design/methodology/approach":[66],"E\u2010mail":[67],"based":[68,308,356],"surveys":[69],"from":[70,94,141],"445":[71],"responding":[72],"school":[74,303],"principals":[75,311],"comprised":[76],"of":[77,139,310,372,426,445],"men":[78,209,220,263],"(n=265)":[79],"women":[81,211,222,265],"(n=180)":[82],"were":[83,124,130,187,227,243,247],"quantitatively":[84],"analyzed.":[85],"self\u2010selected":[87],"sample":[88],"study":[91,133,166,285,295],"was":[92,396],"drawn":[93],"schools":[96],"three":[98],"states":[100],"USA.":[103,345],"inventory":[105],"contained":[106],"40":[107],"content":[108],"items":[109,140,171,181,202],"prepared":[110],"on":[111],"a":[112,318,373,424],"five\u2010point":[113],"Likert":[114],"scale":[115],"one":[117],"demographic":[118],"question.":[119],"Content":[120],"construct":[122],"validity":[123],"evaluated":[125],"significant":[127,248],"difference":[128],"tests":[129],"performed.":[131],"sought":[134],"clarify":[136],"which":[137],"cluster":[138],"Servant\u2010leadership":[143,174,201,254,414],"Styles":[144],"Inventory":[145],"(SSI)":[146],"best":[147],"described":[148],"gender":[149,155,307,355],"membership":[150],"and,":[151],"thereby,":[152],"proffered":[153],"possibly":[154],"oriented":[156],"servant\u2010leadership":[157,428],"utilizing":[159],"discriminant":[160],"function":[161],"methods.":[163],"Findings":[164],"has":[167,269],"established":[168],"that":[169,200,218,225,262,276,412],"SSI":[170],"identified":[172,433],"dimension":[175],"are":[176,323],"reliable":[177,192,400],"valid;":[179],"however":[180],"Traditional":[184,231,239],"dimensions":[186],"found":[188,397],"less":[191],"valid.":[194],"Additionally":[195],"these":[196,458],"results":[197],"have":[198],"shown":[199],"can":[203],"effective":[205],"differentiating":[207],"principals.":[212],"It":[213],"important":[215],"note":[217],"both":[219],"equally":[223],"reported":[224],"they":[226],"reluctant":[228],"use":[230],"styles.":[233,283],"No":[234],"usage":[242],"found.":[244],"However,":[245,346],"there":[246],"men's":[251],"women's":[253],"style":[255],"usage.":[256],"Research":[257],"limitations/implications":[258],"Current":[259],"research":[260,358,375],"shows":[261,411],"operate":[266],"differently.":[267],"What":[268],"been":[270],"lacking,":[271],"however,":[272],"an":[274],"instrument":[275,348,380,395],"discriminated":[277],"male":[279,461],"female":[281],"bounded":[287],"by":[288,292],"following":[290],"limitations:":[291],"location,":[293],"restricted":[297],"practicing":[301],"principals;":[304],"perceptions":[309],"USA,":[314],"other":[315,339],"factors":[316],"such":[317],"training,":[319],"experience":[320],"longevity":[322],"unknown;":[324],"it":[326],"also":[328],"unknown":[329],"instrument's":[333],"cultural":[334,353],"biases":[335],"when":[336,360],"applied":[337,361],"countries":[340],"regions":[342],"may":[349],"open":[350],"opportunities":[351],"studies":[359],"new":[363,374],"populations.":[364],"Practical":[365],"implications":[366],"reports":[369],"development":[371],"instrument,":[376],"SSI.":[378],"utilizes":[381],"20":[382,387],"query":[392],"subjects.":[393],"valid,":[402],"especially":[403],"items.":[407],"Originality/value":[408],"four":[413,431],"lend":[416],"understanding":[417],"field,":[420],"help":[422],"begin":[423],"discussion":[425],"feminine":[427,449],"style.":[429],"These":[430],"newly":[432],"are:":[435],"daily":[436],"reflection;":[437],"consensus":[438],"building;":[439],"healing":[440],"relationships;":[441],"drive":[443],"sense":[444],"self":[446],"worth.":[447],"leader":[450],"more":[452],"likely":[453],"hold":[455],"practice":[457],"values":[459],"than":[460],"leaders.":[462]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}