{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2056839129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.598375","title":"A three\u2010dimensional algorithm for optimizing beam weights and wedge filters","display_name":"A three\u2010dimensional algorithm for optimizing beam weights and wedge filters","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2056839129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.598375","mag":"2056839129","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9800692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.598375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.598375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.598375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381484","display_name":"Lei Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-5359","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-5359"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, California 94305-5304, USA. lei@reyes.stanford.edu","Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5304"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, California 94305-5304, USA. lei@reyes.stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5304","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078530694","display_name":"Russell J. Hamilton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4594-9944","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4594-9944"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. J. Hamilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago MC0085, Chicago, Illinois 60637"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago MC0085, Chicago, Illinois 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111643621","display_name":"Charles A. Pelizzari","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Pelizzari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago MC0085, Chicago, Illinois 60637"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago MC0085, Chicago, Illinois 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109075022","display_name":"George T. Y. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0749-5033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0749-5033"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. T. Y. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago MC0085, Chicago, Illinois 60637"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago MC0085, Chicago, Illinois 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3360,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3360},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.402,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94187026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"10","first_page":"1858","last_page":"1865"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiotherapy-treatment-planning","display_name":"radiotherapy treatment planning","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-weight-optimization","display_name":"beam weight optimization","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wedge-filters","display_name":"wedge filters","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wedge-angle","display_name":"wedge angle","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-transformation","display_name":"change of variables","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-optimization-algorithm","display_name":"iterative optimization algorithm","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-reconstruction-algorithms","display_name":"image reconstruction algorithms","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-optimization","display_name":"three-dimensional optimization","score":0.5070000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47422493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2755127","display_name":"Wedge (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.8131840825080872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.6735023260116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.5597434043884277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5293866991996765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4260387122631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159694833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321565","display_name":"Iterative method","level":2,"score":0.4252600073814392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143587482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543216","display_name":"Iterative and incremental development","level":2,"score":0.41600310802459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41064897179603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.38685595989227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.29284214973449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16280734539031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.14759287238121033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.12921416759490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001703","descriptor_name":"Biophysics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002294","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Squamous Cell","qualifier_ui":"Q000532","qualifier_name":"radiotherapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000532","qualifier_name":"radiotherapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014067","descriptor_name":"Tonsillar Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000532","qualifier_name":"radiotherapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055592","descriptor_name":"Biophysical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.598375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.598375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.598375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9800692","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9800692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical physics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513858599","https://openalex.org/W1978249560","https://openalex.org/W1979800170","https://openalex.org/W1994644214","https://openalex.org/W1997542479","https://openalex.org/W2004250124","https://openalex.org/W2008519159","https://openalex.org/W2016113444","https://openalex.org/W2016480273","https://openalex.org/W2023531597","https://openalex.org/W2031186981","https://openalex.org/W2041520920","https://openalex.org/W2041842887","https://openalex.org/W2053098792","https://openalex.org/W2055483062","https://openalex.org/W2056801524","https://openalex.org/W2091657786","https://openalex.org/W2109037291","https://openalex.org/W2126459000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016113444","https://openalex.org/W2018253946","https://openalex.org/W2153410233","https://openalex.org/W1976715347","https://openalex.org/W2079556269","https://openalex.org/W2067549088","https://openalex.org/W1985025031","https://openalex.org/W2153707219","https://openalex.org/W2069790047","https://openalex.org/W7096534737"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0,124],"essential":[1],"step":[2],"towards":[3],"optimizing":[4,55,99],"and":[5,23,33,48,64,78,94,109,166,174],"automating":[6],"radiation":[7],"therapy":[8],"treatment":[9],"planning":[10,168,172],"is":[11,37,68,116,136,146],"to":[12,17,61,96,138,148,158],"develop":[13],"an":[14,56,75],"effective":[15],"algorithm":[16,126],"find":[18,139],"the":[19,46,85,117,140,162],"optimal":[20],"beam":[21,31,90,104,122,142],"weights":[22,105],"wedge":[24,50,62,92],"filters":[25],"for":[26,133],"a":[27,41,72,100,129,149],"given":[28],"set":[29],"of":[30,53,74,87,98,120],"directions":[32],"modalities.":[34],"This":[35,83],"problem":[36,86],"solved":[38],"by":[39],"introducing":[40],"variable":[42],"transformation":[43],"based":[44,127],"on":[45,128],"universal":[47],"omni":[49],"principles.":[51],"Instead":[52],"directly":[54],"objective":[57],"function":[58],"with":[59,102],"respect":[60],"angles":[63],"orientations,":[65],"each":[66],"field":[67,77],"first":[69],"decomposed":[70],"into":[71],"superposition":[73],"open":[76,107],"two":[79],"orthogonal":[80],"wedged":[81,112],"fields.":[82],"transforms":[84],"finding":[88],"J":[89,115],"weights,":[91],"angles,":[93],"orientations":[95],"that":[97],"system":[101],"3J":[103,141],"(J":[106],"beams":[108],"2J":[110],"nominal":[111],"beams),":[113],"where":[114],"total":[118],"number":[119],"incident":[121],"directions.":[123],"iterative":[125],"method":[130],"originally":[131],"developed":[132],"image":[134],"reconstruction":[135],"used":[137],"weights.":[143],"The":[144],"technique":[145],"applied":[147],"few":[150],"clinical":[151],"cases.":[152],"Treatment":[153],"plans":[154],"are":[155,176],"improved":[156],"compared":[157],"those":[159],"obtained":[160],"through":[161],"conventional":[163],"manual":[164],"trial":[165],"error":[167],"process.":[169],"In":[170],"addition,":[171],"time":[173],"effort":[175],"greatly":[177],"reduced.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
