{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2056574797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","title":"Imports as a Cause of Injury: The Case of the U.S. Steel Industry","display_name":"Imports as a Cause of Injury: The Case of the U.S. Steel Industry","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2056574797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","mag":"2056574797"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w1494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103503282","display_name":"Gene M. Grossman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gene Grossman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University","Woodrow Wilson School Princeton University Princeton , New Jersey 08544","Woodrow Wilson School , Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Woodrow Wilson School Princeton University Princeton , New Jersey 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Woodrow Wilson School , Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103503282"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12428","display_name":"Global Trade and Competitiveness","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steelmaking","display_name":"steel industry","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/import-competition","display_name":"import competition","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steel-imports","display_name":"steel imports","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/u-s-steel","display_name":"U.S. Steel","score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steel-industry-employment","display_name":"steel industry employment","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-simulation","display_name":"counterfactual simulation","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-dollar-appreciation","display_name":"dollar appreciation","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-prices","display_name":"energy prices","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-ore-prices","display_name":"iron ore prices","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-effects","display_name":"wage effects","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-international-trade-commission","display_name":"International Trade Commission","score":0.597000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.49563467502593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3908753991127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.3600727617740631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3464452028274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2968961000442505}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w1494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w1494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w1494","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2056574797.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2056574797.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979983487","https://openalex.org/W1983846014","https://openalex.org/W2890527315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2793041590","https://openalex.org/W2048639163","https://openalex.org/W4297756720","https://openalex.org/W2094693956","https://openalex.org/W1977001501","https://openalex.org/W1558636583","https://openalex.org/W2008473967","https://openalex.org/W3122707295","https://openalex.org/W2243612830","https://openalex.org/W2890527315"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"the":[1,20,27,36,46,49,71,76,80,94,98,126,139,144,150,168,172,175,179],"United":[2],"States":[3],"International":[4],"Trade":[5],"Commission":[6],"conducted":[7],"aSection":[8],"201":[9],"or":[10],"\"escape":[11],"clause\"":[12],"hearing":[13],"to":[14,26,45,105,112,118,130,155],"determine":[15],"whether":[16],"imports":[17],"have":[18],"been":[19,143],"most":[21,145],"significant":[22],"cause":[23,147],"of":[24,48,70,73,78,82,148,174,178],"injury":[25],"US.steel":[28],"industry.This":[29],"paper":[30],"suggests":[31],"a":[32,52,68,85,132],"methodology":[33],"for":[34,39,55,125],"conducting":[35],"necessary":[37],"analysis":[38,122],"such":[40],"determinations,":[41],"and":[42,61,90,159],"applies":[43],"it":[44],"case":[47],"steel":[50,56,99,140],"industry.First,":[51],"reduced-form":[53],"equation":[54,63],"industry":[57,65,116,141],"employment":[58,66,117,137],"is":[59],"derived":[60],"estimated.The":[62],"specifies":[64],"as":[67],"function":[69],"price":[72,77,81],"imported":[74],"steel,":[75],"energy,":[79],"iron":[83],"ore,":[84],"time":[86],"trend,":[87],"real":[88],"income":[89],"(in":[91],"one":[92],"variant)":[93],"wage":[95],"rate":[96],"in":[97,115,138,165],"industry.The":[100],"estimated":[101],"coefficients":[102],"are":[103,162],"used":[104],"perform":[106],"counterfactual":[107],"simulations,":[108],"which":[109],"allow":[110],"us":[111],"attribute":[113],"changes":[114],"their":[119],"proximate":[120],"causes.The":[121],"reveals":[123],"that":[124],"period":[127,152],"from":[128,136,153],"1976":[129],"1983,":[131,156],"secular":[133,157],"shift":[134,158],"away":[135],"has":[142],"important":[146],"injury.For":[149],"shorter":[151],"1979":[154],"import":[160],"competition":[161],"roughly":[163],"equal":[164],"importance,":[166],"with":[167],"latter":[169],"being":[170],"entirely":[171],"result":[173],"substantial":[176],"appreciation":[177],"U.S.":[180],"dollar":[181],"during":[182],"this":[183],"period.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}