{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2056554385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.354772","title":"Amorphous twisted nematic\u2013liquid-crystal displays fabricated by nonrubbing showing wide and uniform viewing-angle characteristics accompanying excellent voltage holding ratios","display_name":"Amorphous twisted nematic\u2013liquid-crystal displays fabricated by nonrubbing showing wide and uniform viewing-angle characteristics accompanying excellent voltage holding ratios","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2056554385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.354772","mag":"2056554385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.354772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.354772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.354772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187991544","display_name":"Journal of Applied Physics","issn_l":"0021-8979","issn":["0021-8979","1089-7550","1520-8850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030270771","display_name":"Yasuo Toko","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155150481","display_name":"Stanley Electric (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01af58f81","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155150481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasuo Toko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanley Electric Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa 225, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Electric Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa 225, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155150481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103488324","display_name":"Takashi Sugiyama","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155150481","display_name":"Stanley Electric (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01af58f81","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155150481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takashi Sugiyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanley Electric Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa 225, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Electric Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa 225, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155150481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086458552","display_name":"Kazuhisa Katoh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155150481","display_name":"Stanley Electric (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01af58f81","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155150481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuhisa Katoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanley Electric Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa 225, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Electric Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa 225, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155150481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111615813","display_name":"Yasufumi Iimura","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92614990","display_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qg0kr10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasufumi Iimura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020005041","display_name":"Shunsuke Kobayashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1437-8130","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1437-8130"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92614990","display_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qg0kr10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunsuke Kobayashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4222,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97240313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"3","first_page":"2071","last_page":"2075"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10306","display_name":"Liquid Crystal Research Advancements","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10306","display_name":"Liquid Crystal Research Advancements","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10623","display_name":"Thin-Film Transistor Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11025","display_name":"Nonlinear Optical Materials Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/twisted-nematic-liquid-crystal-displays","display_name":"twisted nematic liquid crystal displays","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewing-angle","display_name":"viewing angle","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-holding-ratio","display_name":"voltage holding ratio","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chiral-dopants","display_name":"chiral dopants","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyimide","display_name":"polyimide","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indium-tin-oxide","display_name":"indium tin oxide","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/director-alignment","display_name":"director alignment","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electro-optical-properties","display_name":"electro-optical properties","score":0.8930000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7375860","display_name":"Rubbing","level":2,"score":0.9194988012313843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13274807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203989","display_name":"Liquid crystal","level":2,"score":0.8554260730743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8419192433357239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128019096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83341","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","level":2,"score":0.7610931396484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776694159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351676","display_name":"Viewing angle","level":3,"score":0.6623649001121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780965675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145958","display_name":"Polyimide","level":3,"score":0.6024090647697449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56052488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103382","display_name":"Amorphous solid","level":2,"score":0.5843439102172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32737372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417718","display_name":"Indium tin oxide","level":3,"score":0.5145851969718933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156150401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5458978","display_name":"Flexible display","level":4,"score":0.5122155547142029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4881175458431244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4697072207927704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.45897406339645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184050105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273163","display_name":"Isotropy","level":2,"score":0.4368031620979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777289219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154","display_name":"Substrate (aquarium)","level":2,"score":0.4327576160430908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.43056583404541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.38055840134620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19067145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137203","display_name":"Thin film","level":2,"score":0.29519402980804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2658294439315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.20634326338768005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.09940484166145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07473015785217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87359718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1271916","display_name":"Thin-film transistor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.354772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.354772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.354772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187991544","display_name":"Journal of Applied Physics","issn_l":"0021-8979","issn":["0021-8979","1089-7550","1520-8850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996109229","https://openalex.org/W2022513377","https://openalex.org/W2024545400","https://openalex.org/W2060018899","https://openalex.org/W2077677305","https://openalex.org/W2084679023","https://openalex.org/W2095537838","https://openalex.org/W2113305048"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1821207043","https://openalex.org/W4321518948","https://openalex.org/W2075267997","https://openalex.org/W2004937172","https://openalex.org/W2483974047","https://openalex.org/W2016617720","https://openalex.org/W2089168972","https://openalex.org/W1981236839","https://openalex.org/W2079223357","https://openalex.org/W2025084863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"new":[1],"twisted-nematic":[2],"(TN)\u2013liquid-crystal":[3],"display":[4],"(LCD)":[5],"device":[6,20,146],"has":[7],"been":[8],"prepared":[9],"without":[10,30],"rubbing,":[11],"which":[12,134,159],"is":[13,21,44,135],"called":[14,122],"the":[15,36,40,55,65,97,106,109,113,119,129,145,155,178,182,190,193,200,203],"no-rubbing":[16],"(NR)":[17],"technique.":[18],"The":[19,61,115],"shown":[22],"to":[23,137,177,189,199],"exhibit":[24],"wide":[25],"and":[26,85,104,196],"uniform":[27],"viewing-angle":[28],"characteristics":[29],"showing":[31],"a":[32,59,89,148,161,166],"contrast":[33],"inversion":[34],"in":[35,46,54,88,154,197],"vertical":[37],"direction":[38],"of":[39,64,102,108,181,185,192,202],"cell.":[41,60],"This":[42,170],"characteristic":[43],"achieved":[45],"particular":[47],"by":[48,118,128],"filling":[49],"chiral-molecular-doped":[50],"nematic":[51],"LCs":[52],"(NLCs)":[53],"isotropic":[56,87],"phase":[57],"into":[58],"substrate":[62],"surfaces":[63],"cells":[66],"are":[67,83,100,125],"either":[68],"bare":[69],"indium-tin-oxide":[70],"films":[71,82,99],"or":[72],"those":[73],"coated":[74],"with":[75],"polymer":[76,98],"materials":[77],"such":[78],"as":[79],"polyimide.":[80],"These":[81],"optically":[84],"structurally":[86],"quasi-macroscopic":[90],"scale":[91],"(say,":[92],"100\u00d7100":[93],"\u03bcm2).":[94],"In":[95],"particular,":[96],"capable":[101],"stabilizing":[103],"homogenizing":[105],"distribution":[107],"NLC":[110],"directors":[111],"at":[112],"surfaces.":[114],"TN-LCDs":[116,186],"fabricated":[117],"NR":[120],"technique,":[121],"amorphous":[123],"TN-LCDs,":[124],"also":[126,188],"featured":[127],"excellent":[130],"voltage":[131],"holding":[132],"ratio":[133],"necessary":[136],"achieve":[138],"good":[139,167],"active":[140],"matrix":[141],"driving,":[142],"and,":[143],"furthermore,":[144],"exhibits":[147],"very":[149],"small":[150],"viewing":[151],"angular":[152],"dependence":[153],"electro-optic":[156],"(EO)":[157],"characteristics,":[158],"provides":[160],"significant":[162,179],"benefit":[163],"for":[164],"achieving":[165],"gray-scale":[168],"operation.":[169],"rubbing-free":[171],"technology":[172],"may":[173],"contribute":[174],"not":[175],"only":[176],"improvement":[180],"EO":[183],"performance":[184],"but":[187],"simplification":[191],"production":[194,204],"process":[195],"turn":[198],"reduction":[201],"cost.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-12T09:15:50.089291","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
