{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2055384754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037","title":"Characterization and in vitro bioavailability of \u03b2-carotene: Effects of microencapsulation method and food matrix","display_name":"Characterization and in vitro bioavailability of \u03b2-carotene: Effects of microencapsulation method and food matrix","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2055384754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037","mag":"2055384754"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0023643813005082/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26760650","display_name":"LWT","issn_l":"0023-6438","issn":["0023-6438","1096-1127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LWT - Food Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0023643813005082/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109167918","display_name":"Erik Glenn Donhowe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik G. Donhowe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602-2610, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602-2610, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045061361","display_name":"Floirendo P. Flores","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8723-865X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8723-865X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Floirendo P. Flores","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602-2610, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602-2610, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038131935","display_name":"WILLIAM LLOYD KERR","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-1388","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-1388"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William L. Kerr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602-2610, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602-2610, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025869686","display_name":"Louise Wicker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6076-7463","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6076-7463","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8128-3839"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louise Wicker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602-2610, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602-2610, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008415463","display_name":"Fanbin Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7477-9948","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7477-9948"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fanbin Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602-2610, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602-2610, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008415463"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"],"apc_list":{"value":3240,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3240},"apc_paid":{"value":3240,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3240},"fwci":9.3705,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":124,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98354771,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"1","first_page":"42","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12048","display_name":"Microencapsulation and Drying Processes","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12048","display_name":"Microencapsulation and Drying Processes","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10411","display_name":"Proteins in Food Systems","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10256","display_name":"Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-carotene","display_name":"beta-carotene","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microencapsulation","display_name":"microencapsulation","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-vitro-bioavailability","display_name":"in vitro bioavailability","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-vitro-digestion","display_name":"in vitro digestion","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-matrix-effects","display_name":"food matrix effects","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maltodextrin","display_name":"maltodextrin","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spray-drying","display_name":"spray drying","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-vitro-drug-release","display_name":"in vitro drug release","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yogurt","display_name":"yogurt","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pudding","display_name":"pudding","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-size","display_name":"particle size","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-activity","display_name":"water activity","score":0.8009999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777846834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177570","display_name":"Maltodextrin","level":3,"score":0.959312379360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181389837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461809","display_name":"Bioavailability","level":2,"score":0.8292239308357239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.7137259244918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779587474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066303","display_name":"Spray drying","level":2,"score":0.6729247570037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11268172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421110","display_name":"Micelle","level":3,"score":0.5727976560592651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5377004742622375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779732960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408510","display_name":"Chitosan","level":2,"score":0.5180961489677429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776998673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190156","display_name":"Carotene","level":2,"score":0.504207968711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5017099380493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.4879869818687439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778123984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187634","display_name":"Emulsion","level":2,"score":0.469268262386322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64248961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q791576","display_name":"Water activity","level":3,"score":0.4480668306350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.3648056387901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.10543781518936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184651966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356","display_name":"Aqueous solution","level":2,"score":0.05943801999092102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.059279829263687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.05387201905250549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0023643813005082/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26760650","display_name":"LWT","issn_l":"0023-6438","issn":["0023-6438","1096-1127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LWT - Food Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0023643813005082/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26760650","display_name":"LWT","issn_l":"0023-6438","issn":["0023-6438","1096-1127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"LWT - Food Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.8409000039100647},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2055384754.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2055384754.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487557669","https://openalex.org/W1586874804","https://openalex.org/W1850111267","https://openalex.org/W1964059549","https://openalex.org/W1966163932","https://openalex.org/W1966279263","https://openalex.org/W1971522552","https://openalex.org/W1972816137","https://openalex.org/W1973092320","https://openalex.org/W1974790636","https://openalex.org/W1975633142","https://openalex.org/W1980788425","https://openalex.org/W1983815143","https://openalex.org/W1991665135","https://openalex.org/W2007036687","https://openalex.org/W2013476687","https://openalex.org/W2022375711","https://openalex.org/W2024038437","https://openalex.org/W2024975295","https://openalex.org/W2030630297","https://openalex.org/W2041767949","https://openalex.org/W2042153938","https://openalex.org/W2043824948","https://openalex.org/W2047885015","https://openalex.org/W2058831301","https://openalex.org/W2064797823","https://openalex.org/W2079245728","https://openalex.org/W2088715788","https://openalex.org/W2094239465","https://openalex.org/W2119070323","https://openalex.org/W2141589439","https://openalex.org/W2144548956","https://openalex.org/W2149487891","https://openalex.org/W2152617705","https://openalex.org/W2328421634","https://openalex.org/W2585244376","https://openalex.org/W4244747000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2405901319","https://openalex.org/W2014911598","https://openalex.org/W3000599706","https://openalex.org/W4410350501","https://openalex.org/W2088715788","https://openalex.org/W3128997643","https://openalex.org/W2758081924","https://openalex.org/W1991665135","https://openalex.org/W2771124453","https://openalex.org/W2087816181"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,83,110,131],"objectives":[1],"of":[2,10,22,25,30,60,145,165],"this":[3],"study":[4],"were":[5,47],"to":[6,56],"determine":[7],"the":[8,58,87,93,101,105,114,121,126,151,156,163,170,175],"effect":[9,59],"microencapsulation":[11,132],"method":[12,70,133],"on":[13,63],"physical":[14],"properties":[15],"and":[16,20,32,39,50,67,80,92,140,155,169,174,187,197],"in":[17,64,162],"vitro":[18,44,65],"release":[19,66,139,153,172,186,196],"bioavailability":[21],"three":[23],"types":[24],"\u03b2-carotene:":[26],"a":[27,166],"spray-dried":[28],"powder":[29,85,112,124],"\u03b2-carotene":[31,37,41,117,128,149],"maltodextrin,":[33],"commercially":[34],"available":[35],"water-dispersible":[36,123],"powder,":[38],"chitosan-coated":[40],"alginate.":[42],"In":[43],"digestion":[45],"trials":[46],"conducted":[48],"with":[49,180,193],"without":[51],"food":[52,61,146,167],"matrices":[53],"(yogurt,":[54],"pudding)":[55],"elucidate":[57],"matrix":[62,183],"bioavailability.":[68],"Microencapsulation":[69],"significantly":[71,134,184],"affected":[72],"(p":[73,136,190],"<":[74,137,191],"0.05)":[75,138],"water":[76,107],"activity,":[77],"moisture":[78,89],"content,":[79],"particle":[81],"size.":[82],"maltodextrin":[84,111],"had":[86,104,113,125],"lowest":[88,106],"content":[90,118,129,178],"(3.5%)":[91],"smallest":[94],"volume":[95],"mean":[96],"diameter":[97],"(10.5":[98],"\u03bcm),":[99],"whereas":[100],"chitosan-alginate":[102],"beads":[103],"activity":[108],"(0.195).":[109],"highest":[115,127,152,157,171,176],"surface":[116],"(39.5%),":[119],"while":[120],"commercial":[122],"(10%).":[130],"influenced":[135],"incorporation":[141,158,189,199],"into":[142,159],"micelles,":[143],"regardless":[144],"matrix.":[147],"Water-dispersible":[148],"achieved":[150],"(93.3%)":[154],"micelles":[160],"(36.4%)":[161],"absence":[164],"matrix,":[168],"(34.8%)":[173],"micelle":[177,188,198],"(17.0%)":[179],"pudding.":[181,202],"Food":[182],"decreased":[185],"0.05),":[192],"yogurt":[194],"decreasing":[195],"more":[200],"than":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}