{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2054949118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199805000-00018","title":"Clarifying the relationship of medical education and moral development","display_name":"Clarifying the relationship of medical education and moral development","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2054949118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199805000-00018","mag":"2054949118","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9609863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/00001888-199805000-00018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199805000-00018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199805000-00018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19793444","display_name":"Academic Medicine","issn_l":"1040-2446","issn":["1040-2446","1938-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012505244","display_name":"Donnie J. Self","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D J Self","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Humanities in Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-1114, USA","A&amp"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Humanities in Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-1114, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"A&amp","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011839118","display_name":"Margie Olivarez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Olivarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Humanities in Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&amp","A&amp"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Humanities in Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&amp","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"A&amp","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111409588","display_name":"DeWitt C. Baldwin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D C Baldwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Humanities in Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&amp","A&amp"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Humanities in Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&amp","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"A&amp","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9102,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97578673,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"5","first_page":"517","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.5400000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.5400000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11537","display_name":"Ethics in medical practice","score":0.11720000207424164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12531","display_name":"Values and Moral Education","score":0.11339999735355377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-reasoning","display_name":"moral reasoning","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-students","display_name":"medical students","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-ethics-education","display_name":"medical ethics education","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-development","display_name":"moral development","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defining-issues-test","display_name":"Defining Issues Test","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-group-discussion","display_name":"small group discussion","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-dilemmas","display_name":"ethical dilemmas","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"medical education","score":0.6769999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778816022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251581","display_name":"Defining Issues Test","level":3,"score":0.9230762720108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6746838092803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9158031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6909140","display_name":"Moral reasoning","level":2,"score":0.6660813689231873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126086293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237151","display_name":"Medical ethics","level":2,"score":0.6280280351638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76247681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6909101","display_name":"Moral development","level":2,"score":0.5871922373771667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5529626607894897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994541713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192568","display_name":"Moral dilemma","level":2,"score":0.4368308484554291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.432588130235672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.39052826166152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3543180823326111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3146435618400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.09903135895729065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004504","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical, Undergraduate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006803","descriptor_name":"Human Development","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009014","descriptor_name":"Morals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013337","descriptor_name":"Students, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013781","descriptor_name":"Texas","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035863","descriptor_name":"Moral Development","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/00001888-199805000-00018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199805000-00018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199805000-00018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19793444","display_name":"Academic Medicine","issn_l":"1040-2446","issn":["1040-2446","1938-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9609863","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9609863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/913503","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://worldcatlibraries.org/registry/gateway?version=1.0&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&atitle=Clarifying+the+Relationship+of+Medical+Education+and+Moral+Development&title=Academic+Medicine+&volume=73&issue=5&spage=517-520&date=1998-05&au=Self,+Donnie+J.;+Olivarez,+Margie;+Baldwin,+DeWitt+C.,+Jr.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:189636","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46810001134872437}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081913181","https://openalex.org/W4390377520","https://openalex.org/W2088739037","https://openalex.org/W1956839138","https://openalex.org/W2068001609","https://openalex.org/W2013817227","https://openalex.org/W2093667750","https://openalex.org/W1997037921","https://openalex.org/W2412121860","https://openalex.org/W2000074475"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"To":[1],"assess":[2],"the":[3,6,14,27,45,48,61,66,73,84,87,96,102,107,117,130,134,146,199,217,228],"development":[4],"of":[5,10,16,51,54,63,68,75,86,238],"moral":[7,49,168,180,214,239,251],"reasoning":[8,50,169,181,215,252],"skills":[9],"medical":[11,58,79,208,231],"students":[12,59],"through":[13],"course":[15],"their":[17,23,69],"education,":[18],"and":[19,35,82,105,171,183],"to":[20,119,136,148,203,246],"determine":[21],"whether":[22],"scores":[24,115,170,182],"would":[25],"reflect":[26],"increases":[28],"usually":[29],"found":[30],"at":[31,65,72,83,155],"this":[32],"age":[33],"range":[34],"education":[36,209],"level.":[37],"METHOD:":[38],"Using":[39],"Rest's":[40],"Defining":[41],"Issues":[42],"Test":[43],"(DIT),":[44],"authors":[46],"assessed":[47],"a":[52,76,156,176],"total":[53],"95":[55],"Texas":[56],"A&M":[57],"from":[60,116,133,145,198,227],"classes":[62],"1991-94":[64],"beginning":[67],"first":[70,97,118,135],"semester,":[71],"end":[74,85],"required":[77,229],"first-semester":[78,230],"ethics":[80,232],"course,":[81,233],"students'":[88],"fourth":[89],"year.":[90],"RESULTS:":[91],"The":[92,110,142],"mean":[93,114],"score":[94],"on":[95,101,106,191],"test":[98,121,138,150],"was":[99,122,129,151,175],"47.7;":[100],"second,":[103],"53.7;":[104],"third,":[108],"56.5.":[109],"+6.0":[111],"change":[112,132,144],"in":[113,213,249],"second":[120,147],"statistically":[123],"significant":[124,165,177],"(p":[125,139,159],"<":[126,140,160],".0001),":[127],"as":[128,224],"+8.8":[131],"final":[137,149],".0001).":[141],"+2.8":[143],"also":[152],"significant,":[153],"although":[154],"lower":[157],"level":[158],".0302).":[161],"Analysis":[162],"revealed":[163],"no":[164],"correlation":[166,178],"between":[167,179],"age;":[172],"however,":[173],"there":[174],"sex,":[184],"with":[185],"women":[186],"scoring":[187],"higher":[188],"than":[189],"men":[190],"all":[192],"three":[193],"tests.":[194],"CONCLUSIONS:":[195],"While":[196],"data":[197],"current":[200,218],"study":[201],"seem":[202],"contradict":[204],"earlier":[205],"findings":[206,219],"that":[207],"inhibits":[210],"an":[211,241],"increase":[212],"skills,":[216],"may":[220],"alternatively":[221],"be":[222,247],"interpreted":[223],"resulting":[225],"mainly":[226],"which":[234],"involved":[235],"small-group":[236],"discussion":[237],"dilemmas,":[240],"educational":[242],"method":[243],"shown":[244],"elsewhere":[245],"effective":[248],"enhancing":[250],"skills.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}