{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2054545802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-9076-3","title":"Direct Observations of Sigma Phase Formation in Duplex Stainless Steels Using In-Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction","display_name":"Direct Observations of Sigma Phase Formation in Duplex Stainless Steels Using In-Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2054545802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-9076-3","mag":"2054545802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11661-006-9076-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-9076-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-9076-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165830345","display_name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","issn_l":"1073-5623","issn":["1073-5623","1543-1940"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029177711","display_name":"John W. Elmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-4750","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-4750"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. W. Elmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA","Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068137068","display_name":"Todd  A. Palmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9573-3319","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9573-3319"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. A. Palmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036710072","display_name":"Eliot D Specht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3191-2163","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3191-2163"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. D. Specht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA","Oak Ridge National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029177711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"],"apc_list":{"value":3990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.138,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":149,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97953439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"3","first_page":"464","last_page":"475"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10386","display_name":"Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels","score":0.8119999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10386","display_name":"Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels","score":0.8119999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10840","display_name":"High Temperature Alloys and Creep","score":0.1256999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14128","display_name":"Metallurgical and Alloy Processes","score":0.01759999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2500","display_name":"General Materials Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigma-phase-formation","display_name":"sigma phase formation","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duplex-stainless-steel","display_name":"duplex stainless steel","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2205-duplex-stainless-steel","display_name":"2205 duplex stainless steel","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-situ-synchrotron-x-ray-diffraction","display_name":"in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isothermal-heat-treatment","display_name":"isothermal heat treatment","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-transformation-kinetics","display_name":"phase transformation kinetics","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avrami-equation","display_name":"Avrami equation","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nucleation-and-growth","display_name":"nucleation and growth","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ferrite","display_name":"ferrite","score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/austenite","display_name":"austenite","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation-mechanism","display_name":"transformation mechanism","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-energy","display_name":"activation energy","score":0.7689999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7661665678024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96288455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487286","display_name":"Austenite","level":3,"score":0.7046509981155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61048295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909022","display_name":"Nucleation","level":2,"score":0.6941595077514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133347239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486921","display_name":"Isothermal process","level":2,"score":0.684272289276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.6314245462417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37210646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5105088","display_name":"Ferrite (magnet)","level":2,"score":0.5947732925415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39353612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283759","display_name":"Atmospheric temperature range","level":2,"score":0.5103170275688171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21368211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689863","display_name":"Synchrotron","level":2,"score":0.4649350345134735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512234","display_name":"Sigma","level":2,"score":0.4316398799419403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161680532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185011","display_name":"Isothermal transformation diagram","level":5,"score":0.4228455722332001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.4072231352329254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.3824601173400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44125496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575611","display_name":"Bainite","level":4,"score":0.14526459574699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.11880534887313843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07337483763694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11661-006-9076-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-9076-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-9076-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165830345","display_name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","issn_l":"1073-5623","issn":["1073-5623","1543-1940"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1019100964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC0500OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1026679911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G121915436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEAC05- 00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1645119126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G166562317","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05- 00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1702950523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W-7405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1719812184","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31-109-ENG-38","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1756342139","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W-31-109-Eng38","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2016422940","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05- 00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338483","funder_display_name":"Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G203625172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE--AC05--00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2988778103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05?","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G313676650","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEAC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4106590586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W-31-109-ENG-38","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338483","funder_display_name":"Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4423657506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5726405315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G572720644","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W-31-109-ENG-38","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6086734019","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G675320460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G807938293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEAC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","funder_display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8269158468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906985441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8943143067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G898162437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31-109-ENG-38","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000009795","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEFG 02\u201391 ER 45439","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306111","display_name":"U.S. Department of Commerce","ror":"https://ror.org/04chq2495"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","display_name":"Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5tnr73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","display_name":"UT-Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/04nza6677"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332222","display_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337367","display_name":"Division of Materials Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01pc7k308"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337480","display_name":"Basic Energy Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05mg91w61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338483","display_name":"Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973281117","https://openalex.org/W1976744958","https://openalex.org/W1982088580","https://openalex.org/W1982752875","https://openalex.org/W1992907862","https://openalex.org/W1995779524","https://openalex.org/W1996083888","https://openalex.org/W1999110975","https://openalex.org/W2012103802","https://openalex.org/W2014396289","https://openalex.org/W2028404731","https://openalex.org/W2029391078","https://openalex.org/W2030751095","https://openalex.org/W2034027377","https://openalex.org/W2034224529","https://openalex.org/W2059270181","https://openalex.org/W2060799731","https://openalex.org/W2061569536","https://openalex.org/W2062923477","https://openalex.org/W2089019243","https://openalex.org/W2094698076","https://openalex.org/W2095035137","https://openalex.org/W2176566783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W23381153","https://openalex.org/W1549641746","https://openalex.org/W2264298590","https://openalex.org/W2140854674","https://openalex.org/W4361295498","https://openalex.org/W2296542086","https://openalex.org/W4399603103","https://openalex.org/W2902563823","https://openalex.org/W7220834527","https://openalex.org/W4387952905"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}