{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2054419397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","title":"The Effects of Process Parameters on the Pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Using a Fixed-Bed Reactor","display_name":"The Effects of Process Parameters on the Pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Using a Fixed-Bed Reactor","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2054419397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","mag":"2054419397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67425620","display_name":"Advanced materials research","issn_l":"1022-6680","issn":["1022-6680","1662-8985"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317839","host_organization_name":"Trans Tech Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Trans Tech Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Materials Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109613465","display_name":"Alina Rahayu Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0664-7636","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0664-7636"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A.R. Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111906336","display_name":"Zainab Hamzah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zainab Hamzah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069043040","display_name":"Mohamed Zulkali Mohamed Daud","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Zulkali  Mohamed Daud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109613465"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"925","issue":null,"first_page":"115","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12358","display_name":"Thermal and Kinetic Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-palm-empty-fruit-bunch","display_name":"empty fruit bunch","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass-pyrolysis","display_name":"biomass pyrolysis","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-bed-reactor","display_name":"fixed-bed reactor","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bio-oil-yield","display_name":"bio-oil yield","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochar","display_name":"biochar","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrolysis-gas","display_name":"pyrolysis gas","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrolysis-temperature","display_name":"pyrolysis temperature","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-size","display_name":"particle size","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heating-rate","display_name":"heating rate","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palm-oil-by-products","display_name":"palm oil by-products","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management","display_name":"waste management","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-yield-optimization","display_name":"product yield optimization","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bio-oil-upgrading","display_name":"bio-oil upgrading","score":0.39500001072883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36759035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176848","display_name":"Pyrolysis","level":2,"score":0.8954760432243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779970684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11567121","display_name":"Char","level":3,"score":0.8483333587646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6500017642974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5906007289886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.5559993982315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537208039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627","display_name":"Nitrogen","level":2,"score":0.5390059947967529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187530423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140503","display_name":"Particle size","level":2,"score":0.5235402584075928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55766333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11136680","display_name":"Inert gas","level":2,"score":0.5227553844451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.5168819427490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4618723690509796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156383657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902126","display_name":"Heat of combustion","level":3,"score":0.41372373700141907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.41220271587371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.3934817612171173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.35885077714920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3100259304046631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.24478039145469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.19545727968215942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.13103124499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.056004106998443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67425620","display_name":"Advanced materials research","issn_l":"1022-6680","issn":["1022-6680","1662-8985"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317839","host_organization_name":"Trans Tech Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Trans Tech Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Materials Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67425620","display_name":"Advanced materials research","issn_l":"1022-6680","issn":["1022-6680","1662-8985"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317839","host_organization_name":"Trans Tech Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Trans Tech Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Materials Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.878000020980835,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976723604","https://openalex.org/W1989976999","https://openalex.org/W1998124998","https://openalex.org/W2058501000","https://openalex.org/W2096232094","https://openalex.org/W2098121906","https://openalex.org/W2130306242","https://openalex.org/W2143139903","https://openalex.org/W2156248754","https://openalex.org/W2165307805","https://openalex.org/W2323353161","https://openalex.org/W2593529449"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964083485","https://openalex.org/W21613014","https://openalex.org/W4236823971","https://openalex.org/W3114510200","https://openalex.org/W2083283952","https://openalex.org/W1972352337","https://openalex.org/W2137972662","https://openalex.org/W4200269719","https://openalex.org/W2099428723","https://openalex.org/W1994060961"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malaysia":[0],"is":[1,45],"well-known":[2],"as":[3,31,83,102],"one":[4],"of":[5,11,18,25,36,48,66,96,110,118,143,157,163,173,182,186,215,221,232,238,247,257,263,285,292,303,305,313],"the":[6,15,64,94,97,116,140,179,184,235,254,261,266,281,300,310],"main":[7],"producer":[8],"and":[9,59,88,105,132,139,146,170,175,201,218,244,250,277,320,326],"exporter":[10],"palm":[12,20],"oil.":[13],"With":[14],"high":[16],"production":[17],"crude":[19],"oil":[21],"(CPO),":[22],"huge":[23],"amount":[24,35,302],"empty":[26,67],"fruit":[27,68],"bunch":[28,69],"was":[29,71,112,125,151,166,189,194,207,225,240,269,307,316],"generated":[30],"by-products.":[32],"The":[33,78,107,121,191,204,295,318],"abundant":[34],"EFB":[37,192,229],"produced":[38],"required":[39],"careful":[40],"waste":[41],"management":[42],"procedures.":[43],"Pyrolysis":[44],"thermochemical":[46],"decomposition":[47],"biomass":[49],"in":[50],"inert":[51],"environment":[52],"towards":[53,280],"its":[54],"conversion":[55],"into":[56],"bio-oil,":[57,103],"bio-char":[58,104,169,243,319],"gas.":[60,106],"In":[61,178,253],"this":[62],"study,":[63],"pyrolysis":[65,84,119,123,155,205,283],"(EFB)":[70],"conducted":[72,113],"using":[73,228],"a":[74],"fixed":[75,208],"bed":[76],"reactor.":[77],"pertinent":[79],"process":[80],"parameters":[81],"such":[82,101],"temperature,":[85],"particle":[86,187,193,230],"sizes":[87],"heating":[89,137,219,264,267,311],"rates":[90,138,268],"were":[91,324],"investigated":[92],"via":[93],"determination":[95],"percentage":[98],"product":[99],"yields":[100,246],"first":[108],"series":[109,181,256],"experiment":[111,258],"to":[114,259],"determine":[115,260],"effect":[117,185,262],"temperatures.":[120],"final":[122,282],"temperature":[124,156,206,284],"varied":[126,195,270],"at":[127,135,154,196,209,271],"300,":[128],"400,":[129],"500,":[130],"600":[131],"700":[133],"\u00b0C":[134,159,211,287],"constant":[136,289],"nitrogen":[141,213,290],"flowrates":[142,291],"30":[144,222],"\u00b0C/min":[145,279,315],"100":[147,216,293],"cm3/min":[148,217],"respectively.":[149,177,252,328],"It":[150,224],"determined":[152,226],"that":[153,227,299],"500":[158,210,286],"maximum":[160,236],"bio-oil":[161,237,304],"yield":[162,172,322],"35.00":[164],"%":[165,249],"obtained":[167,297,308,323],"with":[168,212,242,288],"gas":[171,245,321],"26.98":[174],"38.02%":[176],"second":[180],"experiment,":[183],"sizen":[188],"studied.":[190],"<125,":[197],"125-250,":[198],"250-500,":[199],"500-710":[200],"710-1000":[202],"\u03bcm.":[203],"flowrate":[214],"rate":[220,312],"\u00b0C/min.":[223],"size":[231],"250-500":[233],"\u03bcm,":[234],"38.52%":[239],"achieved":[241],"25.06":[248],"36.42%":[251],"third":[255],"rates,":[265],"10,":[272],"20,":[273],"30,":[274],"40,":[275],"50":[276],"60":[278],"cm3/min.":[294],"results":[296],"showed":[298],"highest":[301],"40.81%":[306],"when":[309],"20":[314],"used.":[317],"24.69%":[325],"34.50%":[327]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}