{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2054082580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2008.0022","title":"Does Unemployment Increase Crime?: Evidence from U.S. Data 1974-2000","display_name":"Does Unemployment Increase Crime?: Evidence from U.S. Data 1974-2000","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2054082580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2008.0022","mag":"2054082580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/jhr.2008.0022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2008.0022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2008.0022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62957338","display_name":"The Journal of Human Resources","issn_l":"0022-166X","issn":["0022-166X","1548-8004"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315918","host_organization_name":"University of Wisconsin Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315918","https://openalex.org/P4310315897"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Wisconsin Press","University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Human Resources","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009434205","display_name":"Ming\u2010Jen Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7174-2226","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7174-2226"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Jen Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009434205"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.0027,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":213,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9909992,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"2","first_page":"413","last_page":"436"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"unemployment","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime","display_name":"crime","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property-crime","display_name":"property crime","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogeneity","display_name":"endogeneity","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumental-variables","display_name":"instrumental variables","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-exchange-rate","display_name":"real exchange rate","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-industry","display_name":"manufacturing industry","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-union-membership","display_name":"union membership","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-policy","display_name":"criminal policy","score":0.4230000078678131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.8941709995269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305","display_name":"Instrumental variable","level":2,"score":0.7951796054840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.7939581274986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780661219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857984","display_name":"Property crime","level":3,"score":0.7514914870262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.745332658290863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44648626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049848","display_name":"Percentage point","level":2,"score":0.5030259490013123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4256443977355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.4202682375907898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994488168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment rate","level":3,"score":0.4117526412010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.403346985578537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3605026602745056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993504008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520311","display_name":"Violent crime","level":2,"score":0.3393186330795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.15526697039604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/jhr.2008.0022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2008.0022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2008.0022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62957338","display_name":"The Journal of Human Resources","issn_l":"0022-166X","issn":["0022-166X","1548-8004"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315918","host_organization_name":"University of Wisconsin Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315918","https://openalex.org/P4310315897"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Wisconsin Press","University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Human Resources","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/466589","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/19/article/466589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:uwp:jhriss:v:43:y:2008:i:2:p:413-436","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://jhr.uwpress.org/cgi/reprint/43/2/413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.7825999855995178,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W243417649","https://openalex.org/W1492303833","https://openalex.org/W1541710110","https://openalex.org/W1544635765","https://openalex.org/W1548087870","https://openalex.org/W1595878808","https://openalex.org/W1631690882","https://openalex.org/W1976861038","https://openalex.org/W1977377976","https://openalex.org/W1979470337","https://openalex.org/W1980412904","https://openalex.org/W1992854984","https://openalex.org/W1997684209","https://openalex.org/W2006909588","https://openalex.org/W2011350192","https://openalex.org/W2046116452","https://openalex.org/W2062387714","https://openalex.org/W2075217550","https://openalex.org/W2081814021","https://openalex.org/W2091578093","https://openalex.org/W2098550463","https://openalex.org/W2106762871","https://openalex.org/W2111097214","https://openalex.org/W2112348462","https://openalex.org/W2119282045","https://openalex.org/W2129784614","https://openalex.org/W2138841876","https://openalex.org/W2155793441","https://openalex.org/W2162246443","https://openalex.org/W2165069351","https://openalex.org/W2167928903","https://openalex.org/W2170697357","https://openalex.org/W2189821821","https://openalex.org/W2487293983","https://openalex.org/W2554927321","https://openalex.org/W2889769530","https://openalex.org/W2890167809","https://openalex.org/W2891943110","https://openalex.org/W2891999438","https://openalex.org/W3024139097","https://openalex.org/W3024519339","https://openalex.org/W3121319955","https://openalex.org/W3121362542","https://openalex.org/W3121423326","https://openalex.org/W3121852222","https://openalex.org/W3121941670","https://openalex.org/W3122192528","https://openalex.org/W3122343733","https://openalex.org/W3122531453","https://openalex.org/W3122629912","https://openalex.org/W3123059484","https://openalex.org/W3124259699","https://openalex.org/W3125170278","https://openalex.org/W3125384899","https://openalex.org/W3125795440","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4235274867","https://openalex.org/W2014794090","https://openalex.org/W7135686003","https://openalex.org/W2211252695","https://openalex.org/W2101847929","https://openalex.org/W2163449935","https://openalex.org/W2167968182","https://openalex.org/W2339723341","https://openalex.org/W7098778771","https://openalex.org/W7098774445"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OLS":[0,63],"may":[1],"understate":[2],"the":[3,11,25,62,67,90,95],"effect":[4,79],"of":[5,10,89],"unemployment":[6,53],"on":[7],"crime":[8,57,92],"because":[9,84],"endogeneity":[12],"problem":[13],"(Raphael":[14],"and":[15,33],"Winter-Ember":[16],"2001).":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19],"paper,":[20],"we":[21],"use":[22],"changes":[23],"in":[24,52],"real":[26],"exchange":[27],"rate,":[28],"state":[29,34],"manufacturing":[30],"sector":[31],"percentages,":[32],"union":[35],"membership":[36],"rates":[37],"as":[38],"novel":[39],"instrumental":[40],"variables":[41],"to":[42,71],"carry":[43],"out":[44],"2SLS":[45,78],"estimations.":[46],"We":[47],"find":[48],"a":[49],"one-percentage-point":[50],"increase":[51,55],"would":[54],"property":[56,91],"by":[58],"1.8":[59],"percent":[60,73,88],"under":[61,74],"method,":[64],"but":[65],"that":[66],"elasticity":[68],"goes":[69],"up":[70],"4":[72],"2SLS.":[75],"The":[76],"larger":[77],"has":[80],"significant":[81],"policy":[82],"implications":[83],"it":[85],"explains":[86],"30":[87],"change":[93],"during":[94],"1990s.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}