{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053857656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.660292","title":"Measuring Mental Toughness in Sport: A Psychometric Examination of the Psychological Performance Inventory\u2013A and Its Predecessor","display_name":"Measuring Mental Toughness in Sport: A Psychometric Examination of the Psychological Performance Inventory\u2013A and Its Predecessor","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053857656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.660292","mag":"2053857656","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22369040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.660292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.660292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.660292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40137911","display_name":"Journal of Personality Assessment","issn_l":"0022-3891","issn":["0022-3891","1532-7752"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality Assessment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047923767","display_name":"Daniel F. Gucciardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5448-3990","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5448-3990"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel F. Gucciardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. d.gucciardi@uq.edu.au","School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. d.gucciardi@uq.edu.au","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047923767"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.8904,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97830889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"94","issue":"4","first_page":"393","last_page":"403"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13542","display_name":"Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-toughness","display_name":"mental toughness","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-properties","display_name":"psychometric properties","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-structure","display_name":"factor structure","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-consistency","display_name":"internal consistency","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergent-validity","display_name":"convergent validity","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/achievement-goals","display_name":"achievement goals","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/youth-football-players","display_name":"youth football players","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sport-psychology-assessment","display_name":"sport psychology assessment","score":0.5109999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777457970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6817499","display_name":"Mental toughness","level":3,"score":0.9388720989227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8136588335037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121244757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783487","display_name":"Convergent validity","level":4,"score":0.5854717493057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.5716680288314819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.5414015054702759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.5327558517456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90963130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6015484","display_name":"Incremental validity","level":4,"score":0.49395114183425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018868096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2693233","display_name":"Internal consistency","level":3,"score":0.43261247873306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198999979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159115","display_name":"Concurrent validity","level":4,"score":0.42358678579330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.392902672290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.3510420620441437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781054738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4813730","display_name":"Athletes","level":2,"score":0.12603408098220825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11708903312683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.0974874496459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.07906466722488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001315","descriptor_name":"Australia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003163","descriptor_name":"Competitive Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005163","descriptor_name":"Factor Analysis, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008606","descriptor_name":"Mental Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010555","descriptor_name":"Personality Inventory","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012916","descriptor_name":"Soccer","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054874","descriptor_name":"Athletic Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055500","descriptor_name":"Resilience, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056352","descriptor_name":"Athletes","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.660292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.660292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.660292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40137911","display_name":"Journal of Personality Assessment","issn_l":"0022-3891","issn":["0022-3891","1532-7752"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality Assessment","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22369040","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22369040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of personality assessment","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/17957","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/17957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320984","display_name":"University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41040885","https://openalex.org/W206632289","https://openalex.org/W403066814","https://openalex.org/W632182246","https://openalex.org/W639098526","https://openalex.org/W1484864026","https://openalex.org/W1529024143","https://openalex.org/W1641134295","https://openalex.org/W1681695349","https://openalex.org/W1818253995","https://openalex.org/W1838963579","https://openalex.org/W1966692810","https://openalex.org/W1967940801","https://openalex.org/W1980449206","https://openalex.org/W1984975621","https://openalex.org/W1987694127","https://openalex.org/W1987841786","https://openalex.org/W1992193527","https://openalex.org/W2013811491","https://openalex.org/W2019107234","https://openalex.org/W2025781576","https://openalex.org/W2027860872","https://openalex.org/W2030630447","https://openalex.org/W2036149274","https://openalex.org/W2037124948","https://openalex.org/W2051216991","https://openalex.org/W2061086853","https://openalex.org/W2069736034","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2073703667","https://openalex.org/W2074359777","https://openalex.org/W2086879229","https://openalex.org/W2089822357","https://openalex.org/W2102666137","https://openalex.org/W2104523616","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2107958340","https://openalex.org/W2125593975","https://openalex.org/W2137234361","https://openalex.org/W2143835493","https://openalex.org/W2147343695","https://openalex.org/W2148724526","https://openalex.org/W2152756901","https://openalex.org/W2152850600","https://openalex.org/W2160268337","https://openalex.org/W2164285091","https://openalex.org/W2164373753","https://openalex.org/W2167359563","https://openalex.org/W2196708691","https://openalex.org/W2478048506","https://openalex.org/W2494880031","https://openalex.org/W2897113160","https://openalex.org/W2897971917","https://openalex.org/W2920253877","https://openalex.org/W3006135442","https://openalex.org/W4231953270","https://openalex.org/W4235478466","https://openalex.org/W4252527368","https://openalex.org/W4252542285","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300870773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2196708691","https://openalex.org/W1980449206","https://openalex.org/W4399092818","https://openalex.org/W4394860797","https://openalex.org/W7101080442","https://openalex.org/W3036982171","https://openalex.org/W2104523616","https://openalex.org/W2167359563","https://openalex.org/W321060455","https://openalex.org/W3037239594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Touted":[0],"as":[1,157,200],"a":[2,71,158,189,201],"multidimensional":[3],"measure":[4,159,202],"of":[5,16,75,86,92,109,119,130,154,160,172,176,182,203],"mental":[6,124,161,204],"toughness":[7,125,162],"in":[8,90,163],"sport,":[9],"this":[10],"study":[11],"explored":[12],"the":[13,17,28,47,70,83,87,103,128,131,152,155,166,173,177,198],"psychometric":[14,84,174],"properties":[15,85,175],"Psychological":[18,29],"Performance":[19,30],"Inventory":[20],"(PPI;":[21],"Loehr,":[22],"1986":[23],")":[24],"and":[25,60,95,122,133,185],"its":[26],"successor":[27],"Inventory-A":[31],"(PPI-A;":[32],"Golby,":[33],"Sheard,":[34],"&":[35],"Van":[36],"Wersch,":[37],"2007":[38],").":[39],"Confirmatory":[40],"factor":[41],"analysis":[42],"was":[43],"employed":[44],"to":[45,49],"examine":[46],"extent":[48],"which":[50],"data":[51,101,168],"collected":[52],"with":[53,138],"333":[54],"Australian":[55],"footballers":[56],"aged":[57],"between":[58],"15":[59],"18":[61],"years":[62],"(M":[63],"=":[64,67],"16.88,":[65],"SD":[66],".71)":[68],"fitted":[69],"priori":[72],"measurement":[73],"models":[74],"both":[76,89],"inventories.":[77],"The":[78],"results":[79],"did":[80],"not":[81],"support":[82],"PPI":[88,132,156],"terms":[91],"model":[93,99],"fit":[94,100],"internal":[96,110],"consistency.":[97],"Although":[98,165],"for":[102],"PPI-A":[104,134,199],"were":[105,112,169],"encouraging,":[106],"inadequate":[107],"levels":[108],"consistency":[111],"evidenced.":[113],"Convergent":[114],"validity":[115,129],"analyses":[116],"involving":[117],"measures":[118],"achievement":[120],"goals":[121],"global":[123],"generally":[126,170],"supported":[127],"subscales.":[135],"Taken":[136],"together":[137],"previous":[139],"research":[140],"(e.g.,":[141,180],"Middleton":[142],"et":[143],"al.,":[144],"2004":[145],"),":[146],"caution":[147],"is":[148],"urged":[149],"when":[150,196],"considering":[151,197],"use":[153],"sport.":[164],"empirical":[167],"supportive":[171],"PPI-A,":[178],"conceptual":[179,183],"lack":[181],"underpinnings)":[184],"methodological":[186],"(i.e.,":[187],"revalidated":[188],"flawed":[190],"inventory)":[191],"concerns":[192],"become":[193],"important":[194],"factors":[195],"toughness.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
