{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053845618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00375.x","title":"Are Intellectual Property Rights Hindering Technological Advance? The Need for Technological Commons1","display_name":"Are Intellectual Property Rights Hindering Technological Advance? The Need for Technological Commons1","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053845618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00375.x","mag":"2053845618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00375.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00375.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00375.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54913114","display_name":"Review of Policy Research","issn_l":"1541-132X","issn":["1541-132X","1541-1338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of Policy Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025739042","display_name":"Petri Rouvinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7666-6971","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7666-6971"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192156838","display_name":"Research Institute of the Finnish Economy","ror":"https://ror.org/0262pp157","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192156838"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petri Rouvinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETLA, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETLA, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192156838"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079036944","display_name":"Rikard Stankiewicz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","display_name":"European University Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0031wrj91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rikard Stankiewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["The European University Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The European University Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3300},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8358,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88871555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1-2","first_page":"195","last_page":"217"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.017999999225139618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"intellectual property","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patenting","display_name":"patenting","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-space","display_name":"design space","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-patents","display_name":"university patents","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-research-funding","display_name":"government research funding","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-knowledge","display_name":"access to knowledge","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-progress","display_name":"technological progress","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patentability-requirements","display_name":"patentability criteria","score":0.546999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.8200911283493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7535988092422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49427245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9828451","display_name":"Commons","level":2,"score":0.7183347344398499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6488088965415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.6094651222229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.5213478803634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780697943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144533","display_name":"Patentability","level":4,"score":0.519166111946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4682021737098694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.45037567615509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4326173961162567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86511162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799101","display_name":"Property rights","level":2,"score":0.42038673162460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4165630042552948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3708493411540985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.30459731817245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2818538248538971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2435055673122406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984145337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253623","display_name":"Patent law","level":3,"score":0.1478525996208191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10454022884368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.06194314360618591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00375.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00375.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00375.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54913114","display_name":"Review of Policy Research","issn_l":"1541-132X","issn":["1541-132X","1541-1338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of Policy Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.468.2407","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.468.2407","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.evpsi.org/communiafiles/Conf 2009_A_P_Rouvinen and Stankiewicz_BS.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bla:revpol:v:26:y:2009:i:1-2:p:195-217","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00375.x/enhancedabs","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cadmus.eui.eu:1814/16605","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1814/16605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196332","display_name":"Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","host_organization_name":"European University Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28010993","https://openalex.org/W145471608","https://openalex.org/W148801571","https://openalex.org/W152239205","https://openalex.org/W157009079","https://openalex.org/W245906344","https://openalex.org/W560104648","https://openalex.org/W766746890","https://openalex.org/W1480759953","https://openalex.org/W1489741075","https://openalex.org/W1496052318","https://openalex.org/W1497625586","https://openalex.org/W1522670635","https://openalex.org/W1525240047","https://openalex.org/W1530265405","https://openalex.org/W1557361820","https://openalex.org/W1577726433","https://openalex.org/W1578439342","https://openalex.org/W1963998475","https://openalex.org/W1971404966","https://openalex.org/W1972326089","https://openalex.org/W1996382919","https://openalex.org/W2001808115","https://openalex.org/W2002242804","https://openalex.org/W2011578668","https://openalex.org/W2021677925","https://openalex.org/W2059094798","https://openalex.org/W2064018319","https://openalex.org/W2084089898","https://openalex.org/W2084418532","https://openalex.org/W2090276139","https://openalex.org/W2107254376","https://openalex.org/W2109476496","https://openalex.org/W2111436921","https://openalex.org/W2128335127","https://openalex.org/W2131740028","https://openalex.org/W2139161626","https://openalex.org/W2149514394","https://openalex.org/W2150462008","https://openalex.org/W2168751125","https://openalex.org/W2489301794","https://openalex.org/W2489898220","https://openalex.org/W2504360223","https://openalex.org/W2569845586","https://openalex.org/W2570480021","https://openalex.org/W2779559279","https://openalex.org/W2798340171","https://openalex.org/W2891604991","https://openalex.org/W3123768385","https://openalex.org/W3124204539","https://openalex.org/W3124742073","https://openalex.org/W3135499669","https://openalex.org/W3151836051","https://openalex.org/W4213438294","https://openalex.org/W4230569558","https://openalex.org/W4234392021","https://openalex.org/W4236547281","https://openalex.org/W4255329071"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100233046","https://openalex.org/W7008137165","https://openalex.org/W2102424439","https://openalex.org/W1964871848","https://openalex.org/W1867621421","https://openalex.org/W2109476496","https://openalex.org/W1971782430","https://openalex.org/W2497335176","https://openalex.org/W1970026629","https://openalex.org/W2022122851"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"the":[2,6,13,20,49,100],"last":[3],"quarter":[4],"century,":[5],"scope":[7],"of":[8,53,65,102,114],"patenting":[9],"has":[10,24,105],"been":[11,18,25,32,134],"expanded,":[12],"requirements":[14],"for":[15,73,123],"patentability":[16],"have":[17,31,39,133],"lowered,":[19],"experimental":[21],"use":[22],"exemption":[23],"narrowed,":[26],"and":[27,51,63,68,79,111,142],"patent":[28],"holders'":[29],"rights":[30],"strengthened.":[33],"New":[34],"actors,":[35],"most":[36],"notably":[37],"universities,":[38],"become":[40],"involved.":[41],"These":[42],"changes":[43],"threaten":[44],"technological":[45,127],"advance":[46],"by":[47,61],"hindering":[48],"emergence":[50],"utilization":[52],"design":[54,97],"spaces,":[55],"understood":[56],"as":[57],"metaphorical":[58],"toolboxes":[59],"shared":[60],"professions":[62],"comprised":[64],"basic":[66],"elements":[67],"their":[69],"relations":[70],"routinely":[71],"used":[72],"problem":[74],"solving.":[75],"While":[76],"abstract,":[77],"broad,":[78],"low\u2010quality":[80],"intellectual":[81],"property":[82],"per":[83],"se":[84],"constitutes":[85],"a":[86,96],"problem,":[87],"it":[88,93],"is":[89],"particularly":[90],"so":[91],"when":[92],"comes":[94],"to":[95,106],"space,":[98],"in":[99,109,125],"context":[101],"which":[103],"knowledge":[104],"be":[107],"accessed":[108],"bundles,":[110],"large":[112],"domains":[113],"further":[115],"inquiry":[116],"are":[117],"at":[118,130,140],"stake.":[119],"The":[120],"article":[121],"calls":[122],"action":[124],"securing":[126],"commons":[128],"that,":[129],"least":[131],"historically,":[132],"provided":[135],"via":[136],"publicly":[137],"funded":[138],"research":[139],"universities":[141],"elsewhere.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}