{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053736152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.3.4.372","title":"Chinese Authority-Directed Orientation and Japanese Peer-Group Orientation: Questioning the Notion of Collectivism","display_name":"Chinese Authority-Directed Orientation and Japanese Peer-Group Orientation: Questioning the Notion of Collectivism","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053736152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.3.4.372","mag":"2053736152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//1089-2680.3.4.372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.3.4.372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.3.4.372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100167944","display_name":"Review of General Psychology","issn_l":"1089-2680","issn":["1089-2680","1939-1552"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of General Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079847605","display_name":"Dora Shu-fang Dien","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127339247","display_name":"California State University System","ror":"https://ror.org/020qm1538","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127339247"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184813773","display_name":"California State University, East Bay","ror":"https://ror.org/04jaeba88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184813773"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dora Shu-fang Dien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Development, California State University, Hayward"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Development, California State University, Hayward","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127339247","https://openalex.org/I184813773"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079847605"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127339247","https://openalex.org/I184813773"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6133,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9222333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"372","last_page":"385"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11454","display_name":"Cultural Differences and Values","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11454","display_name":"Cultural Differences and Values","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collectivism","display_name":"collectivism","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdependence","display_name":"interdependence","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confucianism","display_name":"Confucianism","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-culture","display_name":"Chinese culture","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japanese-culture","display_name":"Japanese culture","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individuality","display_name":"individuality","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinship","display_name":"kinship","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-rearing-practices","display_name":"child-rearing practices","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-differences","display_name":"cultural differences","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/east-asian-culture","display_name":"East Asian culture","score":0.5559999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96420161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237789","display_name":"Collectivism","level":3,"score":0.8869552612304688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144348335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171318","display_name":"Kinship","level":2,"score":0.8161360025405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.6664486527442932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.5992780923843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5286434292793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5238161683082581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.46212244033813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.41111618280410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.362455815076828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17022365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171995","display_name":"Individualism","level":2,"score":0.26001808047294617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.1697947084903717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.15352216362953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.1471492052078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09084197878837585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//1089-2680.3.4.372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.3.4.372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.3.4.372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100167944","display_name":"Review of General Psychology","issn_l":"1089-2680","issn":["1089-2680","1939-1552"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of General Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/1089-2680.3.4.372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.3.4.372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.3.4.372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100167944","display_name":"Review of General Psychology","issn_l":"1089-2680","issn":["1089-2680","1939-1552"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of General Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6000000238418579}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157476327","https://openalex.org/W584999354","https://openalex.org/W1483679835","https://openalex.org/W1529813652","https://openalex.org/W1533625566","https://openalex.org/W1544340018","https://openalex.org/W1549907752","https://openalex.org/W1550827845","https://openalex.org/W1557326327","https://openalex.org/W1590441212","https://openalex.org/W1599165712","https://openalex.org/W1619069755","https://openalex.org/W1660388999","https://openalex.org/W1685092776","https://openalex.org/W1931700968","https://openalex.org/W1967083151","https://openalex.org/W1967238847","https://openalex.org/W1970750360","https://openalex.org/W1984310905","https://openalex.org/W1990774998","https://openalex.org/W1998051614","https://openalex.org/W2003529569","https://openalex.org/W2004340020","https://openalex.org/W2016235714","https://openalex.org/W2022218363","https://openalex.org/W2028088874","https://openalex.org/W2036151456","https://openalex.org/W2042735050","https://openalex.org/W2044417387","https://openalex.org/W2046800862","https://openalex.org/W2052097096","https://openalex.org/W2066829511","https://openalex.org/W2067456275","https://openalex.org/W2068370029","https://openalex.org/W2077266354","https://openalex.org/W2079859776","https://openalex.org/W2088861238","https://openalex.org/W2097780989","https://openalex.org/W2099441831","https://openalex.org/W2110365023","https://openalex.org/W2128880674","https://openalex.org/W2129670752","https://openalex.org/W2137726886","https://openalex.org/W2150566234","https://openalex.org/W2156757096","https://openalex.org/W2162090071","https://openalex.org/W2162469852","https://openalex.org/W2165538570","https://openalex.org/W2168821532","https://openalex.org/W2313538998","https://openalex.org/W2322895578","https://openalex.org/W2330486249","https://openalex.org/W2333376004","https://openalex.org/W2430220881","https://openalex.org/W2470142779","https://openalex.org/W2483795720","https://openalex.org/W2493129255","https://openalex.org/W2538424613","https://openalex.org/W2562347127","https://openalex.org/W2605572266","https://openalex.org/W2788557106","https://openalex.org/W2796471577","https://openalex.org/W2797693722","https://openalex.org/W2798304687","https://openalex.org/W2798553385","https://openalex.org/W2799068712","https://openalex.org/W2905485172","https://openalex.org/W2979174819","https://openalex.org/W3143905767","https://openalex.org/W4238715639","https://openalex.org/W4245689882","https://openalex.org/W4253768790","https://openalex.org/W4297159637","https://openalex.org/W4301809634","https://openalex.org/W4302045783","https://openalex.org/W4376597321","https://openalex.org/W4391868362"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2511196284","https://openalex.org/W1530772096","https://openalex.org/W4404556117","https://openalex.org/W7215442824","https://openalex.org/W2349253535","https://openalex.org/W2391637103","https://openalex.org/W2365830506","https://openalex.org/W2158826398","https://openalex.org/W198411121","https://openalex.org/W2764144100"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"describes":[2],"the":[3,9,15,18,38,45,53,57,77,128,135],"differing":[4],"socialities":[5],"of":[6,8,12,21,34,40,55,64,72,85,90,127,134],"2":[7],"cultural":[10,125],"groups":[11,126],"East":[13,129],"Asia,":[14],"Chinese":[16,58],"and":[17,36,48,94,104,107],"Japanese,":[19,75],"both":[20],"which":[22],"have":[23,59,80],"been":[24],"characterized":[25],"as":[26,130,132],"\u201ccollectivistic\u201d":[27],"or":[28],"\u201cinterdependent\u201d":[29],"in":[30,44],"a":[31,61,69,82],"great":[32],"deal":[33],"research,":[35],"questions":[37],"wisdom":[39],"such":[41,121],"categorizations.":[42],"Rooted":[43],"familial":[46],"environment":[47],"kinship":[49],"relationships":[50],"supported":[51],"by":[52,88,102,109],"ideology":[54],"Confucianism,":[56],"developed":[60,81],"particular":[62],"form":[63],"authority-directed":[65],"orientation":[66,87],"while":[67],"retaining":[68],"strong":[70],"sense":[71],"individuality.":[73],"The":[74],"on":[76],"other":[78,110],"hand,":[79],"different":[83,92],"pattern":[84],"peer-group":[86],"virtue":[89],"their":[91],"social":[93],"historical":[95],"circumstances.":[96],"These":[97],"culture-specific":[98],"patterns":[99],"are":[100],"nurtured":[101],"child-rearing":[103],"educational":[105],"practices":[106],"sustained":[108],"institutional":[111],"settings.":[112],"Future":[113],"research":[114],"needs":[115],"to":[116],"be":[117],"directed":[118],"toward":[119],"uncovering":[120],"qualitative":[122],"differences":[123],"among":[124],"well":[131],"those":[133],"West.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}