{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053342508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1332","title":"Psychiatric Comorbidity of Gender Identity Disorders: A Survey Among Dutch Psychiatrists","display_name":"Psychiatric Comorbidity of Gender Identity Disorders: A Survey Among Dutch Psychiatrists","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053342508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1332","mag":"2053342508","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12832250"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ws/files/1519498/guid-8637edf4-d56a-4062-9340-6344f7e93217-ASSET1.0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111811136","display_name":"Joost \u00e1 Campo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6037-1028","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6037-1028"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147354","display_name":"Mondriaan GGZ","ror":"https://ror.org/04gk6ks26","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147354"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joost \u00e0 Campo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mondriaan Zorggroep Hospital, The Netherlands. camrep@planet.nl"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mondriaan Zorggroep Hospital, The Netherlands. camrep@planet.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022560161","display_name":"Henk L. I. Nijman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3238-0012","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3238-0012"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henk Nijman","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Clinical Psychological Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Psychological Science","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031330031","display_name":"Harald L. G. J. Merckelbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5116-7826","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5116-7826"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Merckelbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Clinical Psychological Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Psychological Science","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003330924","display_name":"Catharine Evers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3942-0590","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3942-0590"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catharine Evers","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2039,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91422704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"160","issue":"7","first_page":"1332","last_page":"1336"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10156","display_name":"LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10156","display_name":"LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11956","display_name":"Sexual Differentiation and Disorders","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11888","display_name":"Gender Roles and Identity Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-dysphoria","display_name":"gender dysphoria","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatric-comorbidity","display_name":"psychiatric comorbidity","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-gender-identification","display_name":"cross-gender identification","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatric-diagnosis","display_name":"psychiatric diagnosis","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-disorders","display_name":"personality disorders","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mood-disorders","display_name":"mood disorders","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dissociative-disorders","display_name":"dissociative disorders","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychosis","display_name":"psychosis","score":0.9819999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909086633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049021","display_name":"Gender Identity Disorder","level":3,"score":0.9077438116073608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.6491404175758362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780600973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712836","display_name":"Borderline personality disorder","level":2,"score":0.5179744958877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.501692533493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.4919531047344208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4766303300857544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777656388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049021","display_name":"Gender dysphoria","level":3,"score":0.4602569043636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991839931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48264","display_name":"Gender identity","level":2,"score":0.4362579882144928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.37779420614242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001291","descriptor_name":"Attitude of Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003937","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Differential","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005783","descriptor_name":"Gender Identity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009426","descriptor_name":"Netherlands","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011570","descriptor_name":"Psychiatry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012017","descriptor_name":"Referral and Consultation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014189","descriptor_name":"Transsexualism","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014189","descriptor_name":"Transsexualism","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014189","descriptor_name":"Transsexualism","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015897","descriptor_name":"Comorbidity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12832250","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12832250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal of psychiatry","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/b9d87e8f-0d77-475f-9f43-ab4d8b7f36ac","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/b9d87e8f-0d77-475f-9f43-ab4d8b7f36ac","pdf_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ws/files/1519498/guid-8637edf4-d56a-4062-9340-6344f7e93217-ASSET1.0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"a Campo, J M L G, Nijman, H, Merckelbach, H L G J & Evers, C 2003, 'Psychiatric comorbidity of gender identity disorders: A survey among Dutch psychiatrists', American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 160, pp. 1332-1336. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1332","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.602.6897","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.602.6897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=2364","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:um:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:publications/b9d87e8f-0d77-475f-9f43-ab4d8b7f36ac","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/b9d87e8f-0d77-475f-9f43-ab4d8b7f36ac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1332 - 1336. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/b9d87e8f-0d77-475f-9f43-ab4d8b7f36ac","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/b9d87e8f-0d77-475f-9f43-ab4d8b7f36ac","pdf_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ws/files/1519498/guid-8637edf4-d56a-4062-9340-6344f7e93217-ASSET1.0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"a Campo, J M L G, Nijman, H, Merckelbach, H L G J & Evers, C 2003, 'Psychiatric comorbidity of gender identity disorders: A survey among Dutch psychiatrists', American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 160, pp. 1332-1336. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1332","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2053342508.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2053342508.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17582871","https://openalex.org/W1972749393","https://openalex.org/W1976223859","https://openalex.org/W1998779770","https://openalex.org/W1999117145","https://openalex.org/W2001141946","https://openalex.org/W2001362100","https://openalex.org/W2005608301","https://openalex.org/W2009218049","https://openalex.org/W2029909435","https://openalex.org/W2046536854","https://openalex.org/W2049834490","https://openalex.org/W2052867720","https://openalex.org/W2077714292","https://openalex.org/W2084001534","https://openalex.org/W2124346745","https://openalex.org/W2130360203","https://openalex.org/W2143117074","https://openalex.org/W2402326101","https://openalex.org/W2524035737","https://openalex.org/W4233836581","https://openalex.org/W4323238039"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054605575","https://openalex.org/W4364353237","https://openalex.org/W1122135943","https://openalex.org/W1605714673","https://openalex.org/W2256535413","https://openalex.org/W2070711851","https://openalex.org/W2086581270","https://openalex.org/W7043880982","https://openalex.org/W2421275772","https://openalex.org/W2736312141"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"In":[1,110,137],"the":[2,17,99,120,124,185,217],"Netherlands,":[3],"it":[4],"is":[5,63,168,193],"considered":[6],"good":[7],"medical":[8],"practice":[9],"to":[10,19,37,48,65,75,98,200,207],"offer":[11],"patients":[12,87,106,112,127,201],"with":[13,83,88,107,133,202],"gender":[14,51,89,114,180,203],"identity":[15,52,90,115,181,204],"disorder":[16,53,116,182,205],"option":[18],"undergo":[20],"hormonal":[21],"and":[22,85,159],"surgical":[23],"sex":[24,190],"reassignment":[25,191],"therapy.":[26],"A":[27],"liberalization":[28],"of":[29,140,151,179,212],"treatment":[30,36],"guidelines":[31],"now":[32],"allows":[33],"for":[34,219],"such":[35],"be":[38,55],"started":[39],"at":[40,171,188],"puberty":[41],"or":[42,183],"prepuberty.":[43],"The":[44,70],"question":[45],"arises":[46],"as":[47,119,148],"what":[49],"extent":[50],"can":[54],"reliably":[56],"distinguished":[57],"from":[58],"a":[59,194],"cross-gender":[60,108,129,144],"identification":[61,130,145],"that":[62,166],"secondary":[64],"other":[66,134,152],"psychiatric":[67,135,153],"disorders.":[68,136,161],"METHOD:":[69],"authors":[71],"sent":[72],"survey":[73],"questionnaires":[74],"382":[76],"board-certified":[77],"Dutch":[78,174],"psychiatrists":[79,96],"regarding":[80],"their":[81],"experiences":[82],"diagnosing":[84],"treating":[86],"disorder.":[91],"RESULTS:":[92],"One":[93],"hundred":[94],"eighty-six":[95],"responded":[97],"survey.":[100],"These":[101,163,214],"respondents":[102],"reported":[103],"on":[104,209],"584":[105],"identification.":[109],"225":[111],"(39%),":[113],"was":[117,131,146],"regarded":[118],"primary":[121],"diagnosis.":[122],"For":[123],"remaining":[125],"359":[126,142],"(61%),":[128],"comorbid":[132],"270":[138],"(75%)":[139],"these":[141],"patients,":[143],"interpreted":[147],"an":[149],"epiphenomenon":[150],"illnesses,":[154],"notably":[155],"personality,":[156],"mood,":[157],"dissociative,":[158],"psychotic":[160],"CONCLUSIONS:":[162],"data":[164],"suggest":[165],"there":[167],"little":[169],"consensus,":[170],"least":[172],"among":[173],"psychiatrists,":[175],"about":[176,184],"diagnostic":[177,222],"features":[178],"minimum":[186],"age":[187],"which":[189],"therapy":[192],"safe":[195],"option.":[196],"Therapy":[197],"options":[198],"proposed":[199],"appear":[206],"depend":[208],"personal":[210],"preferences":[211],"psychiatrists.":[213],"results":[215],"underline":[216],"need":[218],"more":[220],"specific":[221],"rules":[223],"in":[224],"this":[225],"area.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}