{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053201723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154851290500200403","title":"Risk Reduction as the Product of Model Assessed Reliability, Confidence, and Consequence","display_name":"Risk Reduction as the Product of Model Assessed Reliability, Confidence, and Consequence","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053201723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154851290500200403","mag":"2053201723"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/154851290500200403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154851290500200403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154851290500200403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1024877810","display_name":"The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation Applications Methodology Technology","issn_l":"1548-5129","issn":["1548-5129","1557-380X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000772257","display_name":"Roger W Logan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger W. Logan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056698655","display_name":"Cynthia K. Nitta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia K. Nitta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061133196","display_name":"Steven K. Chidester","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven K. Chidester","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5679,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90022918,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"191","last_page":"207"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.8672000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.8672000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10780","display_name":"Reliability and Maintenance Optimization","score":0.03920000046491623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10928","display_name":"Probabilistic and Robust Engineering Design","score":0.03819999843835831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-quantification","display_name":"risk quantification","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-reduction","display_name":"risk mitigation","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-verification-and-validation","display_name":"model verification and validation","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-reliability","display_name":"model reliability","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-level","display_name":"confidence level","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-engineering","display_name":"value engineering","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-analysis","display_name":"uncertainty analysis","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-selection","display_name":"model selection","score":0.4729999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6599147319793701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6242344379425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.623583972454071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.5923783183097839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5715970396995544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5447777509689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5326739549636841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5182223320007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32230216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882499","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","level":2,"score":0.48500701785087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.47684919834136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4738231897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43638113141059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94361409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882500","display_name":"Uncertainty reduction theory","level":2,"score":0.4196811616420746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.384708046913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2659229040145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17959097027778625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16954666376113892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1154622733592987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/154851290500200403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154851290500200403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154851290500200403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1024877810","display_name":"The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation Applications Methodology Technology","issn_l":"1548-5129","issn":["1548-5129","1557-380X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.118.609","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.118.609","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.scs.org/pubs/jdms/vol2num4/logan-nitta-pp191-207.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102225615","https://openalex.org/W1503265994","https://openalex.org/W1596623917","https://openalex.org/W1615946237","https://openalex.org/W1966442722","https://openalex.org/W1972903679","https://openalex.org/W2149493559","https://openalex.org/W4245070114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034157457","https://openalex.org/W4205884165","https://openalex.org/W2342046335","https://openalex.org/W3187645429","https://openalex.org/W7154856159","https://openalex.org/W3088081268","https://openalex.org/W1973947408","https://openalex.org/W1514175887","https://openalex.org/W2280216184","https://openalex.org/W7020862712"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"our":[3,86,159],"methodology":[4],"for":[5,88],"verification":[6],"and":[7,17,20,33,95,120,186,195],"validation":[8],"(V&V)":[9],"of":[10,15,23,44,51,59,78,91,96,116,146,179,192,200],"models,":[11],"coupled":[12],"to":[13,100,112,168,170],"quantification":[14,103],"risk":[16,18,80,82,127,138,169],"reduction,":[19],"the":[21,31,48,55,65,70,74,79,102,114,124,136,155,164,171,177,190,193,198],"use":[22,135],"risk,":[24,46],"quantified":[25,45,126,137],"as":[26,47],"a":[27,41,60,142],"dollar":[28],"value,":[29],"in":[30,69,141],"value-engineering":[32],"decision":[34,174],"trade-off":[35,173],"process.":[36,104,175],"We":[37,84,130],"begin":[38],"by":[39,64,73],"defining":[40],"simple":[42],"measure":[43],"numerical":[49],"product":[50],"three":[52,93],"basic":[53],"terms:":[54],"lower-bound":[56],"model":[57,117,162],"assessment":[58],"product's":[61],"reliability,":[62],"multiplied":[63,72],"confidence":[66],"level":[67],"used":[68,111],"assessment,":[71],"actuarial":[75],"consequence":[76],"value":[77,140,147],"or":[81],"reduction.":[83],"discuss":[85],"process":[87],"obtaining":[89],"each":[90],"these":[92],"terms,":[94],"other":[97],"terms":[98],"needed":[99],"complete":[101],"An":[105],"explosives":[106],"impact":[107,161],"test":[108],"example":[109],"is":[110,183],"show":[113,132],"effects":[115],"choice,":[118],"data,":[119],"uncertainty":[121],"methods":[122],"on":[123],"resulting":[125],"reduction":[128,139],"value.":[129],"then":[131],"how":[133],"we":[134,152],"benefit/cost":[143],"ranking":[144],"method":[145],"engineering.":[148],"In":[149],"this":[150,187],"way,":[151],"can":[153],"follow":[154],"simulation":[156],"results":[157],"from":[158,166],"explosive":[160],"all":[163],"way":[165],"V&V":[167],"investment":[172],"Naturally,":[176],"nature":[178],"most":[180],"such":[181],"methodologies":[182],"still":[184],"evolving,":[185],"work":[188],"represents":[189],"views":[191,199],"authors":[194],"not":[196],"necessarily":[197],"Lawrence":[201],"Livermore":[202],"National":[203],"Laboratory.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}