{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052993464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3295164","title":"TIME-SEQUENCED X-RAY OBSERVATION OF A THERMAL EXPLOSION","display_name":"TIME-SEQUENCED X-RAY OBSERVATION OF A THERMAL EXPLOSION","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052993464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3295164","mag":"2052993464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.3295164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3295164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3295164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764696622","display_name":"AIP conference proceedings","issn_l":"0094-243X","issn":["0094-243X","1551-7616","1935-0465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AIP Conference Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049773005","display_name":"Joseph W. Tringe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-5432","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-5432"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. W. Tringe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046725018","display_name":"John\u2005D. Molitoris","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. D. Molitoris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020316094","display_name":"Laura\u2005B. Smilowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-9418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-9418"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Smilowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045420365","display_name":"James R. Kercher","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. R. Kercher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028756806","display_name":"H. Keo Springer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5641-4515","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5641-4515"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. K. Springer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024066390","display_name":"Bryan F. Henson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4893-5713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4893-5713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. F. Henson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023095869","display_name":"Elizabeth A. Glascoe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-505X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-505X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. A. Glascoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039559210","display_name":"D. W. Greenwood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. W. Greenwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040368102","display_name":"R.G. Garza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1854-595X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1854-595X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. G. Garza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037933086","display_name":"B. M. Wong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. M. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075944165","display_name":"Jan Batteux","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. D. Batteux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040898230","display_name":"Jon L. Maienschein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. L. Maienschein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041881326","display_name":"Mark Elert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Elert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064541407","display_name":"Michael D. Furnish","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael D. Furnish","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053654551","display_name":"William W. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8350-712X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8350-712X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4764-9881"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William W. Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111679118","display_name":"William Graham Proud","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William G. Proud","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113712383","display_name":"William T. Butler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-587X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-587X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William T. Butler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9609,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91220889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"424","last_page":"427"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10806","display_name":"Energetic Materials and Combustion","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10806","display_name":"Energetic Materials and Combustion","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11699","display_name":"High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11874","display_name":"Structural Response to Dynamic Loads","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-explosion","display_name":"thermal explosion","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hmx","display_name":"HMX","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pbx-9501","display_name":"PBX 9501","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debris-ejection","display_name":"debris ejection","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-speed-imaging","display_name":"high-speed imaging","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"radiography","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-resolved-imaging","display_name":"time-resolved imaging","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detonation","display_name":"detonation","score":0.39100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5358684062957764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4260440766811371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3223366141319275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.27545544505119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.08880406618118286}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.3295164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3295164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3295164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764696622","display_name":"AIP conference proceedings","issn_l":"0094-243X","issn":["0094-243X","1551-7616","1935-0465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AIP Conference Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:964519","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/964519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2734108002","https://openalex.org/W52650532","https://openalex.org/W1985555960","https://openalex.org/W79557193","https://openalex.org/W2050384991","https://openalex.org/W2462488305","https://openalex.org/W2070772791","https://openalex.org/W2765619579","https://openalex.org/W2765827472","https://openalex.org/W2021656351"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,48,139],"evolution":[1],"of":[2,35,43,61,132,142,154],"a":[3,9,54,86],"thermally-initiated":[4],"explosion":[5,37,49],"is":[6,16,50,146],"studied":[7],"using":[8,57],"multiple-image":[10],"x-ray":[11,33],"system.":[12],"HMX-based":[13],"PBX":[14],"9501":[15],"used":[17],"in":[18,128],"this":[19],"work,":[20],"enabling":[21],"direct":[22],"comparison":[23],"to":[24,81],"recently-published":[25],"data":[26],"obtained":[27,39],"with":[28,40,53],"proton":[29],"radiography":[30],"[1].":[31],"Multiple":[32],"images":[34,67,94,117],"the":[36,101,109,111,122,129,135,143,151,155],"are":[38],"image":[41],"spacing":[42,60],"ten":[44],"microseconds":[45],"or":[46,89],"more.":[47],"simultaneously":[51],"characterized":[52],"high-speed":[55],"camera":[56,66,116],"an":[58,75,96],"interframe":[59],"11":[62],"{micro}s.":[63],"X-ray":[64,93],"and":[65,103],"were":[68],"both":[69],"initiated":[70],"passively":[71],"by":[72,85],"signals":[73],"from":[74,121,150],"embedded":[76],"thermocouple":[77],"array,":[78],"as":[79],"opposed":[80],"being":[82],"actively":[83],"triggered":[84],"laser":[87],"pulse":[88],"other":[90],"external":[91],"source.":[92],"show":[95,105,118],"accelerating":[97],"reacting":[98],"front":[99],"within":[100],"explosive,":[102],"also":[104],"unreacted":[106],"explosive":[107],"at":[108,125],"time":[110],"containment":[112],"vessel":[113,123],"bursts.":[114],"High-speed":[115],"debris":[119],"ejected":[120],"expanding":[124],"800-2100":[126],"m/s":[127],"first":[130],"tens":[131],"{micro}s":[133],"after":[134],"container":[136],"wall":[137],"failure.":[138],"effective":[140],"center":[141,153],"initiation":[144],"volume":[145],"about":[147],"6":[148],"mm":[149],"geometric":[152],"explosive.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}