{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052709276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.3960070403","title":"The origins and function of the reference point in risky group decision making the case of the Cuban missile crisis","display_name":"The origins and function of the reference point in risky group decision making the case of the Cuban missile crisis","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052709276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.3960070403","mag":"2052709276"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/bdm.3960070403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.3960070403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.3960070403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117214846","display_name":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making","issn_l":"0894-3257","issn":["0894-3257","1099-0771"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000459709","display_name":"Glen Whyte","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Glen Whyte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ariel S. Levi, Department of Management, Wayne State University, 5201 Cass, Detroit, MI 48202, USA","Faculty of Management, University of Toronto, Canada","Glen Whyte, Faculty of Management, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor St West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1V4","Organizational behaviour from Yale University in 1989. He is currently Associate Professor in the Faculty of Management, University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ariel S. Levi, Department of Management, Wayne State University, 5201 Cass, Detroit, MI 48202, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Management, University of Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glen Whyte, Faculty of Management, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor St West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1V4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Organizational behaviour from Yale University in 1989. He is currently Associate Professor in the Faculty of Management, University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069295844","display_name":"Ariel S. Levi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ariel S. Levi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ariel S. Levi, Department of Management, Wayne State University, 5201 Cass, Detroit, MI 48202, USA","Department of Management, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA","Glen Whyte, Faculty of Management, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor St West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1V4","Psychology from Yale University in 1981. He is currently Associate Professor in the Department of Management, Wayne State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ariel S. Levi, Department of Management, Wayne State University, 5201 Cass, Detroit, MI 48202, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glen Whyte, Faculty of Management, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor St West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1V4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology from Yale University in 1981. He is currently Associate Professor in the Department of Management, Wayne State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292","https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000459709"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I185443292","https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":{"value":3700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3700},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3186,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60869565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"243","last_page":"260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14465","display_name":"Leadership, Behavior, and Decision-Making Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-points","display_name":"reference points","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-dependent-preferences","display_name":"reference-dependent preferences","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making-under-risk","display_name":"decision making under risk","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-decision-making","display_name":"group decision making","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuban-missile-crisis","display_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-f-kennedy","display_name":"John F. Kennedy","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-makers","display_name":"decision-makers","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-groups","display_name":"expert groups","score":0.3840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778857364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974850","display_name":"Missile","level":2,"score":0.7834446430206299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781311116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83306","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","level":2,"score":0.7019537687301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20701700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388791","display_name":"Group decision-making","level":2,"score":0.6025534272193909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5851902961730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5268139839172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.45427119731903076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.45027416944503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3599916696548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.13734036684036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07811671495437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/bdm.3960070403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.3960070403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.3960070403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117214846","display_name":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making","issn_l":"0894-3257","issn":["0894-3257","1099-0771"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32778052","https://openalex.org/W129746981","https://openalex.org/W597048372","https://openalex.org/W1521740082","https://openalex.org/W1530927730","https://openalex.org/W1890850610","https://openalex.org/W1990866741","https://openalex.org/W1990969594","https://openalex.org/W1996187345","https://openalex.org/W2004624112","https://openalex.org/W2008271444","https://openalex.org/W2017777879","https://openalex.org/W2020125106","https://openalex.org/W2026087162","https://openalex.org/W2027669067","https://openalex.org/W2030874315","https://openalex.org/W2031704643","https://openalex.org/W2042811870","https://openalex.org/W2051718275","https://openalex.org/W2061592058","https://openalex.org/W2061960606","https://openalex.org/W2072612272","https://openalex.org/W2080729816","https://openalex.org/W2082213281","https://openalex.org/W2082531419","https://openalex.org/W2095034958","https://openalex.org/W2096452841","https://openalex.org/W2103379473","https://openalex.org/W2110225782","https://openalex.org/W2113221780","https://openalex.org/W2116620327","https://openalex.org/W2133469585","https://openalex.org/W2141116345","https://openalex.org/W2155188191","https://openalex.org/W2178782964","https://openalex.org/W2247122915","https://openalex.org/W2264466470","https://openalex.org/W2315481114","https://openalex.org/W2317995021","https://openalex.org/W2324453880","https://openalex.org/W2331094035","https://openalex.org/W2334309722","https://openalex.org/W2501659236","https://openalex.org/W2515080031","https://openalex.org/W2560130722","https://openalex.org/W2795504231","https://openalex.org/W2895407257","https://openalex.org/W2991769409","https://openalex.org/W3011865677","https://openalex.org/W3123340585","https://openalex.org/W3123733296","https://openalex.org/W4239731035","https://openalex.org/W4240749411","https://openalex.org/W4256268273","https://openalex.org/W4256735268","https://openalex.org/W4298861023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064429608","https://openalex.org/W1939143346","https://openalex.org/W2020125106","https://openalex.org/W2358426862","https://openalex.org/W2513445868","https://openalex.org/W2977484875","https://openalex.org/W1586225919","https://openalex.org/W1965248340","https://openalex.org/W6988106553","https://openalex.org/W7065855718"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"case":[2],"study":[3],"explores":[4],"reference":[5,42],"level":[6],"effects":[7],"on":[8],"group":[9,20,63,67,82],"decision":[10],"making":[11],"during":[12],"the":[13,55,62,66,81],"Cuban":[14],"missile":[15],"crisis":[16],"of":[17,23,57,69,90],"1962.":[18],"The":[19,32,51],"is":[21],"composed":[22],"American":[24],"President":[25],"John":[26],"F.":[27],"Kennedy":[28],"and":[29,83],"his":[30],"advisers.":[31],"results":[33,52],"are":[34,85],"consistent":[35],"with":[36,87],"much":[37],"experimental":[38],"evidence":[39],"showing":[40],"that":[41],"levels":[43],"play":[44,79],"an":[45,88],"important":[46],"role":[47,77],"in":[48],"determining":[49],"preferences.":[50],"also":[53],"extend":[54],"notion":[56],"reference\u2010dependent":[58],"risky":[59],"choice":[60],"to":[61,78],"level,":[64],"where":[65],"consists":[68],"seasoned":[70],"experts":[71],"who":[72,84],"each":[73],"have":[74],"a":[75],"different":[76],"within":[80],"dealing":[86],"issue":[89],"great":[91],"importance.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
