{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052698568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/88084","title":"Directed evolution of proteins by exon shuffling","display_name":"Directed evolution of proteins by exon shuffling","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052698568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/88084","mag":"2052698568","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11329010"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/88084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/88084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/88084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106963461","display_name":"Nature Biotechnology","issn_l":"0733-222X","issn":["0733-222X","1087-0156","1546-1696","2331-3684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030486221","display_name":"Joost A. Kolkman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-3646","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-3646"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118787663","display_name":"Maxygen (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00sqg3532","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118787663"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joost A. Kolkman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maxygen Inc., 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA","Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maxygen Inc., 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118787663"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118787663"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061394106","display_name":"Willem P.C. Stemmer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118787663","display_name":"Maxygen (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00sqg3532","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118787663"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Willem P.C. Stemmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maxygen Inc., 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, 94063, CA","Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maxygen Inc., 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, 94063, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118787663"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118787663"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061394106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118787663"],"apc_list":{"value":12690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":12690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7007,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":274,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84920354,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"5","first_page":"423","last_page":"428"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13326","display_name":"Biochemical and Structural Characterization","score":0.34549999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13326","display_name":"Biochemical and Structural Characterization","score":0.34549999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11016","display_name":"Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","score":0.11739999800920486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.054499998688697815,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exon-shuffling","display_name":"exon shuffling","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-evolution","display_name":"directed evolution","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-evolution","display_name":"protein evolution","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossover","display_name":"crossover","score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/splice-junctions","display_name":"splice junctions","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exon-intron-structure","display_name":"exon-intron structure","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunogenicity","display_name":"immunogenicity","score":0.9190000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190017056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5420611","display_name":"Exon shuffling","level":5,"score":0.935543417930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36823959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373027","display_name":"Exon","level":3,"score":0.8855164051055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39917842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1384125","display_name":"Exon trapping","level":5,"score":0.7355074882507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167927819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930567","display_name":"Shuffling","level":2,"score":0.7099695205688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.6636537909507751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94671646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207551","display_name":"Intron","level":3,"score":0.6121799349784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197077220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720988","display_name":"Human genome","level":4,"score":0.574214518070221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5536966323852539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156446351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7682435","display_name":"Tandem exon duplication","level":4,"score":0.501920223236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779454882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5205776","display_name":"DNA shuffling","level":5,"score":0.4908326268196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780989783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7578557","display_name":"splice","level":3,"score":0.48316115140914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.4805772304534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.4694730043411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.46123456954956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62257209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5487490","display_name":"Splice site mutation","level":5,"score":0.4414752423763275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54458228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237218","display_name":"RNA splicing","level":4,"score":0.43118301033973694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194583182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21114084","display_name":"Alternative splicing","level":4,"score":0.34884029626846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.24533158540725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9418097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440681","display_name":"Directed evolution","level":4,"score":0.2164362668991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143065580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285695","display_name":"Mutant","level":3,"score":0.18513351678848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.143277108669281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005057","descriptor_name":"Eukaryotic Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005091","descriptor_name":"Exons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007438","descriptor_name":"Introns","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015321","descriptor_name":"Gene Rearrangement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015698","descriptor_name":"Genomic Library","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015894","descriptor_name":"Genome, Human","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017434","descriptor_name":"Protein Structure, Tertiary","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019020","descriptor_name":"Directed Molecular Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/88084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/88084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/88084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106963461","display_name":"Nature Biotechnology","issn_l":"0733-222X","issn":["0733-222X","1087-0156","1546-1696","2331-3684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11329010","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11329010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature biotechnology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79452630","https://openalex.org/W95430606","https://openalex.org/W107731324","https://openalex.org/W241554119","https://openalex.org/W1254469934","https://openalex.org/W1483146752","https://openalex.org/W1496003250","https://openalex.org/W1497282221","https://openalex.org/W1497614053","https://openalex.org/W1506543904","https://openalex.org/W1511046127","https://openalex.org/W1520149600","https://openalex.org/W1541870906","https://openalex.org/W1554074200","https://openalex.org/W1554401266","https://openalex.org/W1560129531","https://openalex.org/W1567487285","https://openalex.org/W1572306092","https://openalex.org/W1572703984","https://openalex.org/W1572760335","https://openalex.org/W1581087233","https://openalex.org/W1592679014","https://openalex.org/W1598760962","https://openalex.org/W1600573461","https://openalex.org/W1602775391","https://openalex.org/W1605028040","https://openalex.org/W1607376681","https://openalex.org/W1656557885","https://openalex.org/W1771096450","https://openalex.org/W1861955005","https://openalex.org/W1864233440","https://openalex.org/W1964365888","https://openalex.org/W1969956117","https://openalex.org/W1970047032","https://openalex.org/W1973491891","https://openalex.org/W1976410393","https://openalex.org/W1977259043","https://openalex.org/W1977831952","https://openalex.org/W1981534559","https://openalex.org/W1981814311","https://openalex.org/W1988377672","https://openalex.org/W1993797874","https://openalex.org/W1994286344","https://openalex.org/W1996241166","https://openalex.org/W1996662739","https://openalex.org/W1999046517","https://openalex.org/W2001446938","https://openalex.org/W2003742281","https://openalex.org/W2011775394","https://openalex.org/W2012911917","https://openalex.org/W2013296666","https://openalex.org/W2021532280","https://openalex.org/W2022228950","https://openalex.org/W2027203350","https://openalex.org/W2029249710","https://openalex.org/W2031213896","https://openalex.org/W2033740699","https://openalex.org/W2034334822","https://openalex.org/W2037170193","https://openalex.org/W2039122865","https://openalex.org/W2042132638","https://openalex.org/W2042575909","https://openalex.org/W2049826824","https://openalex.org/W2052356760","https://openalex.org/W2054049732","https://openalex.org/W2054111121","https://openalex.org/W2062092256","https://openalex.org/W2062364151","https://openalex.org/W2069762663","https://openalex.org/W2070616597","https://openalex.org/W2070737752","https://openalex.org/W2072229642","https://openalex.org/W2074021812","https://openalex.org/W2074760103","https://openalex.org/W2082158472","https://openalex.org/W2087381942","https://openalex.org/W2088490017","https://openalex.org/W2093977695","https://openalex.org/W2115616366","https://openalex.org/W2119643321","https://openalex.org/W2150468943","https://openalex.org/W2412735675","https://openalex.org/W2414120567","https://openalex.org/W4238152718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090879352","https://openalex.org/W2056800028","https://openalex.org/W2168807208","https://openalex.org/W4237271966","https://openalex.org/W2093388646","https://openalex.org/W7120676551","https://openalex.org/W2037170193","https://openalex.org/W2163759927","https://openalex.org/W1484767785","https://openalex.org/W2075812455"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
