{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052685256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1984.tb01024.x","title":"Educational strategies in curriculum development: the SPICES model","display_name":"Educational strategies in curriculum development: the SPICES model","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052685256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1984.tb01024.x","mag":"2052685256","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6738402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1984.tb01024.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1984.tb01024.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1984.tb01024.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54816476","display_name":"Medical Education","issn_l":"0308-0110","issn":["0308-0110","1365-2923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001337940","display_name":"R. M. Harden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","display_name":"University of Dundee","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bxq36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. M. HARDEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046149883","display_name":"Susette Sowden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","display_name":"University of Dundee","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bxq36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SUSETTE SOWDEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"W. R. DUNN","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","display_name":"University of Dundee","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bxq36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. R. DUNN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001337940"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"],"apc_list":{"value":5250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.5872,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":783,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9954,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"284","last_page":"297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12413","display_name":"Health and Medical Education","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13416","display_name":"Educational Theory and Curriculum Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spices-model","display_name":"SPICES model","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum-development","display_name":"curriculum development","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-curriculum","display_name":"medical curriculum","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-centered-learning","display_name":"student-centered learning","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-based-learning","display_name":"problem-based learning","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum-integration","display_name":"curriculum integration","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-based-education","display_name":"community-based education","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-methods","display_name":"teaching methods","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assessment","display_name":"assessment","score":0.9229999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.9146263599395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107806365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253567","display_name":"Apprenticeship","level":2,"score":0.6381603479385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145129785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5195145","display_name":"Curriculum theory","level":4,"score":0.5636324882507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143266803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5195143","display_name":"Curriculum mapping","level":4,"score":0.5353643894195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185020186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5370761","display_name":"Emergent curriculum","level":5,"score":0.5105067491531372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.4774811267852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779011557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16911265","display_name":"Curriculum development","level":3,"score":0.4698559045791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.40928328037261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3882902264595032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.38549575209617615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3806813955307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28689274191856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002982","descriptor_name":"Clinical Clerkship","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003154","descriptor_name":"Community Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003479","descriptor_name":"Curriculum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004504","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical, Undergraduate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013663","descriptor_name":"Teaching","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1984.tb01024.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1984.tb01024.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1984.tb01024.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54816476","display_name":"Medical Education","issn_l":"0308-0110","issn":["0308-0110","1365-2923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:6738402","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6738402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical education","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.975600004196167,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1587887730","https://openalex.org/W1995387855","https://openalex.org/W2013549386","https://openalex.org/W2055427391","https://openalex.org/W2070613228","https://openalex.org/W2076538964","https://openalex.org/W2151473789"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098333382","https://openalex.org/W2131017571","https://openalex.org/W1975990088","https://openalex.org/W4315631002","https://openalex.org/W2118732768","https://openalex.org/W4415332311","https://openalex.org/W2775638606","https://openalex.org/W2944804276","https://openalex.org/W2282378075","https://openalex.org/W2334081153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Six":[0],"education":[1],"strategies":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"identified":[5],"relating":[6,101,109],"to":[7,50,53,62,69,78,102,110],"the":[8,40,54,57,63,103],"curriculum":[9,87,94,104],"in":[10,93,98,106],"a":[11,20,34],"medical":[12],"school.":[13],"Each":[14,65],"issue":[15,76],"can":[16,90],"be":[17,51,91],"represented":[18],"as":[19],"spectrum":[21],"or":[22,96],"continuum:":[23],"student-centred/teacher-centred,":[24],"problem-based/information-gathering,":[25],"integrated/discipline-based,":[26],"community-based/hospital-based,":[27],"elective/uniform":[28],"and":[29,77,105,113],"systematic/apprenticeship-based.":[30],"The":[31],"factors":[32],"supporting":[33],"more":[35,52,61],"towards":[36],"each":[37,45,75],"end":[38],"of":[39,86],"continuum":[41],"are":[42],"presented":[43],"for":[44],"strategy.":[46],"Newer":[47],"schools":[48,60],"tend":[49],"left":[55],"on":[56,74],"continuum,":[58],"established":[59],"right.":[64],"school,":[66],"however,":[67],"has":[68],"decide":[70],"where":[71],"it":[72],"stands":[73],"establish":[79],"its":[80],"own":[81],"profile.":[82],"This":[83],"SPICES":[84],"model":[85],"strategy":[88],"analysis":[89],"used":[92],"planning":[95],"review,":[97],"tackling":[99],"problems":[100],"providing":[107],"guidance":[108],"teaching":[111],"methods":[112],"assessment.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":33}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
