{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052628149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2014.941904","title":"Halford J. Mackinder, Geopolitics, and the Heartland Thesis","display_name":"Halford J. Mackinder, Geopolitics, and the Heartland Thesis","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052628149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2014.941904","mag":"2052628149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/07075332.2014.941904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2014.941904","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2014.941904","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120387555","display_name":"The International History Review","issn_l":"0707-5332","issn":["0707-5332","1949-6540"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International History Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022978086","display_name":"Torbj\u00f8rn L. Knutsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5466-832X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5466-832X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Torbjorn L. Knutsen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022978086"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24221509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"5","first_page":"835","last_page":"857"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12853","display_name":"Historical Geography and Geographical Thought","score":0.5644999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12853","display_name":"Historical Geography and Geographical Thought","score":0.5644999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14032","display_name":"History and International Relations","score":0.3312999904155731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.06679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartland-theory","display_name":"Heartland theory","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopolitics","display_name":"geopolitics","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance-of-power","display_name":"balance of power","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/russian-expansion","display_name":"Russian expansion","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-i","display_name":"World War I","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paris-peace-conference-1919","display_name":"Paris Peace Conference 1919","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-and-peace","display_name":"war and peace","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-geopolitics","display_name":"German geopolitics","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-foreign-policy","display_name":"US foreign policy","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/roosevelt","display_name":"Roosevelt","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states-entry-into-world-war-ii","display_name":"US entry into World War II","score":0.49399998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201960208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159385","display_name":"Geopolitics","level":3,"score":0.912310004234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779708316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901402","display_name":"Geographer","level":2,"score":0.7241859436035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6765207648277283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5595982074737549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5486340522766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778676447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185145","display_name":"Great power","level":3,"score":0.4576607346534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.455064058303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34355311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542","display_name":"International relations","level":3,"score":0.44683247804641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.4036673903465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.36398816108703613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.35431766510009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24471592903137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.22126030921936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2170613706111908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.13242706656455994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.1320389211177826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/07075332.2014.941904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2014.941904","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2014.941904","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120387555","display_name":"The International History Review","issn_l":"0707-5332","issn":["0707-5332","1949-6540"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International History Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017587380","https://openalex.org/W4403994996","https://openalex.org/W1593839509","https://openalex.org/W3025849192","https://openalex.org/W629111230","https://openalex.org/W4253826927","https://openalex.org/W4394958211","https://openalex.org/W4361209855","https://openalex.org/W2082301637","https://openalex.org/W2038757489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Around":[0],"1900":[1],"the":[2,11,27,34,50,77,80,86,90,98,109,124,130,133,156],"young":[3],"geographer,":[4],"Halford":[5],"J.":[6],"Mackinder,":[7],"grew":[8],"concerned":[9],"with":[10],"changing":[12],"balance":[13],"of":[14,26,29,79,97,111,117,126,132],"international":[15,61],"power.":[16],"He":[17],"argued":[18],"that":[19,33,43,164],"Russia's":[20],"vast,":[21],"central":[22],"territories":[23],"were":[24],"outside":[25],"reach":[28],"British":[30],"sea":[31],"power,":[32],"vast":[35],"Eurasian":[36],"territory":[37],"possessed":[38],"an":[39],"invulnerable":[40],"\u2018Heartland\u2019,":[41],"and":[42,70,103,119],"whoever":[44],"controlled":[45],"this":[46],"Heartland":[47],"would":[48],"dominate":[49],"world.":[51],"This":[52,63],"idea":[53,67,87,128],"became":[54],"a":[55,162,169,176],"powerful":[56],"notion":[57],"in":[58,68,137,146,155,171,178],"early":[59],"twentieth-century":[60],"politics.":[62],"article":[64],"presents":[65],"Mackinder's":[66,95,127],"context":[69],"traces":[71],"its":[72,141,149],"impact.":[73],"First,":[74],"it":[75,122,160],"follows":[76,123],"evolution":[78,131],"idea.":[81],"It":[82],"then":[83,145,153],"shows":[84],"how":[85],"developed":[88],"during":[89],"First":[91],"World":[92],"War,":[93],"buoyed":[94],"criticisms":[96],"1919":[99],"Paris":[100],"Peace":[101],"Conference,":[102],"drove":[104],"him":[105],"to":[106,115],"expand":[107],"on":[108,129],"nature":[110],"two":[112],"rivalling":[113],"approaches":[114],"questions":[116],"war":[118,170,177],"peace.":[120],"Finally,":[121],"impact":[125,142,150],"geopolitical":[134],"tradition:":[135],"first":[136],"Great":[138],"Britain,":[139],"where":[140,148,159],"was":[143,151],"slight,":[144],"Germany,":[147],"enormous,":[152],"finally":[154],"United":[157],"States,":[158],"provided":[161],"framework":[163],"helped":[165],"President":[166],"Roosevelt":[167],"prioritise":[168],"Europe":[172],"against":[173,180],"Germany":[174],"over":[175],"Asia":[179],"Japan.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-09-20T07:33:13.661266","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
