{"id":"https://openalex.org/W205252556","doi":null,"title":"The Replacement of General-Purpose Learning Models with Adaptively Specialized Learning Modules","display_name":"The Replacement of General-Purpose Learning Models with Adaptively Specialized Learning Modules","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W205252556","mag":"205252556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:205252556","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~galliste/images/publications/Preprint_replacement_of_general_pupose_readiing.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087434888","display_name":"Charles Randy Gallistel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4860-5637","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4860-5637"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. R. Gallistel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4860-5637","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087434888"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1689,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":174,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97907129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.16429999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.16429999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14394","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Education Research","score":0.13289999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.05770000070333481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-specialization","display_name":"adaptive specialization","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-mechanisms","display_name":"learning mechanisms","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-learning","display_name":"animal learning","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network-model","display_name":"neural network model","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structure-function-relationship","display_name":"structure-function relationship","score":0.5080000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.6375188827514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.6224178671836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5686466693878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5064164400100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48975181579589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159423971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177251","display_name":"Associative property","level":2,"score":0.48192548751831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983526489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133500","display_name":"Associative learning","level":2,"score":0.4549434185028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44167089462280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4313710629940033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3458896279335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.21547052264213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20455005764961243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17021608352661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.15408414602279663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.13685902953147888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:205252556","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~galliste/images/publications/Preprint_replacement_of_general_pupose_readiing.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67997733","https://openalex.org/W160989634","https://openalex.org/W283860260","https://openalex.org/W604977714","https://openalex.org/W1514657110","https://openalex.org/W1540136915","https://openalex.org/W1857671724","https://openalex.org/W1964831276","https://openalex.org/W1977683656","https://openalex.org/W2001545912","https://openalex.org/W2002671673","https://openalex.org/W2002865214","https://openalex.org/W2021164943","https://openalex.org/W2023789955","https://openalex.org/W2025016460","https://openalex.org/W2053567719","https://openalex.org/W2056028164","https://openalex.org/W2059468865","https://openalex.org/W2060694206","https://openalex.org/W2063971957","https://openalex.org/W2070060013","https://openalex.org/W2124335201","https://openalex.org/W2126008037","https://openalex.org/W2317722949","https://openalex.org/W3038663162"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100388145","https://openalex.org/W4213178958","https://openalex.org/W4200306325","https://openalex.org/W4281561302","https://openalex.org/W2582417598","https://openalex.org/W7036419917","https://openalex.org/W1594108515","https://openalex.org/W818897698","https://openalex.org/W2082167110","https://openalex.org/W7099728343"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Theories":[0],"of":[1,15,43,63,67,71,86,90,104,127,149,169,177,214,223,232,240,253,304,317,323,371,374,398],"learning":[2,91,95,105,358,363,385],"are":[3,109,152,196,365],"and":[4,70,226,277,309,319,354],"always":[5],"have":[6,21,35],"been":[7,23],"predominantly":[8],"associative":[9,33,150],"theories.":[10],"However,":[11],"in":[12,39,51,56,60,98,166,274,312,387],"the":[13,40,45,61,64,72,80,124,145,160,167,175,215,221,229,233,241,254,271,369,388,396],"study":[14,62],"animal":[16,68],"learning,":[17],"where":[18],"these":[19],"theories":[20,34,89],"historically":[22],"most":[24,146,352],"dominant,":[25],"a":[26,93,101,164,204,208,261,267,281,337,382,390],"different":[27],"conception":[28,47],"is":[29,143,306,347,381,404],"gaining":[30],"ground.":[31],"Whereas":[32],"their":[36,84,112,129],"historical":[37],"roots":[38,50],"empiricist":[41],"philosophy":[42],"mind,":[44],"alternative":[46,186],"has":[48,162],"its":[49,218,245,258],"evolutionary":[52],"biology,":[53,313],"more":[54,289],"particularly":[55],"zoology,":[57],"that":[58,74,159,178,193,235,325,351,362,379,412],"is,":[59],"natural":[65],"history":[66],"behavior":[69],"mechanisms":[73,108,195,364],"enable":[75],"animals":[76],"to":[77,134,156,174,207,331,334,394,401,408],"cope":[78],"with":[79,294,299],"challenges":[81],"posed":[82],"by":[83,111,123,188],"habits":[85],"life.":[87],"Associative":[88],"assume":[92,361],"basic":[94],"mechanism,":[96],"or,":[97],"any":[99,288],"event,":[100],"modest":[102],"number":[103],"mechanisms.":[106,342],"These":[107],"distinguished":[110],"properties--for":[113],"example,":[114],"whether":[115],"or":[116,297],"not":[117,360],"they":[118],"depend":[119],"on":[120],"temporal":[121],"pairing--not":[122],"particular":[125,205,209,372],"kind":[126,322],"problem":[128,165,179,397],"special":[130],"structure":[131,172,213,231,239,252],"enables":[132],"them":[133],"solve.":[135],"Indeed,":[136],"people":[137],"doing":[138],"neural":[139],"net":[140],"modeling,":[141],"which":[142],"currently":[144],"widespread":[147],"form":[148],"theorizing,":[151],"often":[153],"at":[154,314],"pains":[155],"point":[157],"out":[158],"network":[161],"solved":[163],"absence":[168],"an":[170,248,285,295,300,406],"initial":[171],"tailored":[173],"solution":[176,206,370],"(e.g.":[180],"Becker":[181],"&":[182],"Hinton,":[183],"1992).":[184],"The":[185,211,238,251],"conceptualization,":[187],"contrast,":[189],"takes":[190],"for":[191,320,368],"granted":[192],"biological":[194,341],"hierarchically":[197],"nested":[198],"adaptive":[199],"specializations,":[200],"each":[201],"mechanism":[202,305],"constituting":[203],"problem.":[210],"foliated":[212],"lung":[216],"reflects":[217,244,257],"role":[219],"as":[220,247,260,270,284,336],"organ":[222],"gas":[224],"exchange,":[225],"so":[227,307,310],"does":[228,359],"specialized":[230,367],"tissue":[234],"lines":[236],"it.":[237],"hemoglobin":[242,268],"molecule":[243,256,269,283],"function":[246,259],"oxygen":[249,286],"carrier.":[250],"rhodopsin":[255,282],"photonactivated":[262],"enzyme.":[263],"One":[264],"cannot":[265,279],"use":[266,280],"first":[272],"stage":[273],"light":[275],"transduction":[276],"one":[278,291,327],"carier,":[287],"than":[290],"can":[292],"see":[293],"ear":[296],"hear":[298],"eye.":[301],"Adaptive":[302],"specialization":[303],"ubiquituous":[308],"obvious":[311],"every":[315,321],"level":[316],"analyis,":[318],"function,":[324],"no":[326],"thnks":[328],"it":[329,335,346],"necessary":[330],"call":[332],"attention":[333],"general":[338,383],"principle":[339],"about":[340,357],"In":[343],"this":[344],"light,":[345],"odd":[348],"but":[349],"true":[350],"past":[353],"contemporary":[355],"theorizing":[356,377],"adaptively":[366],"kinds":[373],"problems.":[375],"Most":[376],"assumes":[378],"there":[380,403],"purpose":[384],"process":[386,391],"brain,":[389],"adapted":[392],"only":[393],"solving":[395],"learning.":[399],"Needless":[400],"say,":[402],"never":[405],"attempt":[407],"formalize":[409],"what":[410],"exactly":[411]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}