{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052515685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hsp.2008.0022","title":"Why Did it Happen?: Religious Explanations of the \"Spanish\" Flu Epidemic in South Africa","display_name":"Why Did it Happen?: Religious Explanations of the \"Spanish\" Flu Epidemic in South Africa","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052515685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hsp.2008.0022","mag":"2052515685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/hsp.2008.0022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hsp.2008.0022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hsp.2008.0022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93779004","display_name":"Historically speaking","issn_l":"1941-4188","issn":["1941-4188","1944-6438"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Historically Speaking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113761742","display_name":"Howard Phillips","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Howard Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113761742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27918057,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"7","first_page":"34","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13347","display_name":"Christian Theology and Mission","score":0.14249999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13347","display_name":"Christian Theology and Mission","score":0.14249999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13636","display_name":"Pentecostalism and Christianity Studies","score":0.12700000405311584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13144","display_name":"Theology and Philosophy of Evil","score":0.08340000361204147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1918-influenza-pandemic","display_name":"1918 influenza pandemic","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nature-of-god","display_name":"nature of God","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-traditional-religion","display_name":"African traditional religion","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/christianity","display_name":"Christianity","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islam","display_name":"Islam","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judaism","display_name":"Judaism","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hinduism","display_name":"Hinduism","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-pluralism","display_name":"religious pluralism","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religion-and-modernity","display_name":"religion and modernity","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/great-war","display_name":"Great War","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/newspapers-and-periodicals","display_name":"newspapers and periodicals","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/max-weber","display_name":"Max Weber","score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-medicine","display_name":"history of medicine","score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-public-health","display_name":"history of public health","score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-south-africa","display_name":"colonial South Africa","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cape-colony","display_name":"Cape Colony","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natal","display_name":"Natal","score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/johannesburg","display_name":"Johannesburg","score":0.35499998927116394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201280247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032","display_name":"Newspaper","level":2,"score":0.5744234323501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5713382959365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.565942645072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.5185733437538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778059882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780","display_name":"Plague (disease)","level":2,"score":0.4614921808242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.45614808797836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.45259949564933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.4017721712589264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.3615109324455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35386550426483154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3530578315258026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.2846653461456299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.25403788685798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2499484419822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.22000563144683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.19014886021614075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.16826459765434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1285100281238556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/hsp.2008.0022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hsp.2008.0022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hsp.2008.0022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93779004","display_name":"Historically speaking","issn_l":"1941-4188","issn":["1941-4188","1944-6438"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Historically Speaking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/421094","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/421094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515425185","https://openalex.org/W2002478202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2286973534","https://openalex.org/W2089103736","https://openalex.org/W3021261569","https://openalex.org/W2067711158","https://openalex.org/W2076632294","https://openalex.org/W4241808150","https://openalex.org/W609188539","https://openalex.org/W4400060343","https://openalex.org/W3096187191","https://openalex.org/W2505705825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"34":[0],"Historically":[1],"Speaking":[2],"September/October":[3],"2008":[4],"Why":[5],"Did":[6,533],"It":[7],"Happen?":[8],"Religious":[9],"Explanations":[10],"of":[11,26,55,61,72,77,89,111,115,127,156,204,211,242,265,283,297,315,340,371,379,388,427,430,448,471,492,497,512,536,557,624,627,660,677],"the":[12,24,32,56,67,75,112,157,198,220,262,281,286,294,298,338,341,363,376,380,389,402,405,414,424,472,483,498,509,518,522,530,548,564,579,585,591,625,658],"\"Spanish\"":[13,69],"Flu":[14],"Epidemic":[15],"in":[16,43,97,142,215,250,280,392,419,508,551,602,618,657],"South":[17,62,85,98,284,464],"Africa":[18,285],"Howard":[19],"Phillips\u00ab":[20],"H":[21],"ere":[22],"Lie":[23],"Bodies":[25],"75":[27],"Natives":[28],"Who":[29],"Died":[30],"During":[31],"Epidemic\u20141918.\"":[33],"This":[34,333,617],"stark,":[35],"collective":[36],"epitaph":[37],"on":[38,401,410,613],"a":[39,44,124,140,312,353,358,397,495,554,595,615,680],"plain":[40],"memorial":[41],"stone":[42,523],"long-abandoned":[45],"company":[46],"cemetery":[47],"45":[48],"kilometers":[49],"from":[50,320],"Cape":[51],"Town":[52],"is":[53,188,194,566],"one":[54,121,305],"very":[57,263],"few":[58],"public":[59],"reminders":[60],"Africa's":[63],"greatest":[64],"natural":[65],"disaster,":[66,206],"so-called":[68],"influenza":[70,425],"epidemic":[71,487],"1918.":[73,428],"In":[74,139,383],"space":[76],"six":[78],"weeks":[79],"it":[80,526],"carried":[81],"off":[82],"some":[83],"300,000":[84],"Africans,":[86],"or":[87,95],"6%":[88],"die":[90,240,369,463,490,534],"population.":[91],"No":[92],"calamity":[93],"before":[94],"since":[96],"Africa\u2014not":[99],"even":[100,290,303,348],"HIV/AIDS\u2014has":[101],"been":[102],"as":[103,107,480,515,517,608],"swift":[104],"and":[105,137,178,217,222,261,327,347,375,433,651],"lethal":[106],"diis":[108],"local":[109],"outbreak":[110],"global":[113],"pandemic":[114,426],"that":[116,159,195,269,520,567,662,676],"year.":[117],"Traumatized":[118],"by":[119,344,349,368,629],"what":[120,186,599,632],"contemporary":[122,237],"called":[123,667],"veritable":[125],"\"tornado":[126],"plague,\"":[128],"grieving":[129],"survivors":[130],"struggled":[131],"to":[132,151,190,196,226,231,274,308,329,396,407,445,572,609,637,640,665],"recover":[133],"socially,":[134],"materially,":[135],"emotionally,":[136],"psychologically.":[138],"society":[141],"which":[143,393],"religious":[144,174,310],"beliefs":[145,254,458],"were":[146,213,365,663],"deeply":[147],"embedded,":[148],"most":[149,173,586],"looked":[150],"religion":[152],"for":[153,202,293,468,563,574,582],"an":[154,207,386],"explanation":[155],"catastrophe":[158],"had":[160,577],"ravaged":[161],"their":[162,172,176,179,460,622],"communities.":[163],"As":[164,643],"Max":[165],"Weber":[166],"pointed":[167],"out,":[168],"people":[169],"are":[170,181,271,288],"at":[171,219,357,413,525],"when":[175,360],"lives":[177],"livelihoods":[180],"under":[182],"serious":[183],"threat.":[184],"Of":[185],"significance":[187],"this":[189,205,243,449],"historians?":[191],"The":[192,486],"answer":[193],"meet":[197],"intense":[199],"popular":[200],"demand":[201],"explanations":[203,339,569],"unusually":[208],"large":[209],"number":[210],"them":[212],"printed":[214],"journals":[216],"newspapers":[218],"time,":[221],"so":[223,606],"remain":[224],"available":[225],"historians":[227,270],"ninety":[228],"years":[229],"later":[230],"give":[232],"insight":[233,597],"into":[234,553,598],"otherwise":[235],"transient":[236],"ideas":[238,248],"about":[239,255,276,459],"cause":[241],"calamity.":[244],"If":[245],"probed,":[246],"these":[247,316],"can,":[249],"turn,":[251],"reveal":[252],"deeper":[253],"causation,":[256],"why":[257,575],"bad":[258],"things":[259,550],"happen,":[260],"nature":[264,552,626],"God\u2014big":[266],"existential":[267],"questions":[268],"not":[272,542],"accustomed":[273],"ask":[275],"past":[277],"societies.":[278],"Moreover,":[279],"case":[282],"answers":[287],"possibly":[289],"more":[291,439,561],"revealing,":[292],"cultural":[295],"heterogeneity":[296],"diverse":[299],"population":[300],"meant":[301],"that,":[302],"if":[304],"confines":[306],"oneself":[307],"official":[309],"explanations,":[311],"wide":[313],"spectrum":[314],"was":[317,488,514,584,593,605,675],"recorded,":[318],"stretching":[319],"four":[321],"universalist":[322],"religions,":[323],"Christianity,":[324],"Islam,":[325],"Judaism,":[326],"Hinduism,":[328],"traditional":[330],"African":[331,465],"religion.":[332],"makes":[334],"possible":[335],"comparisons":[336],"among":[337],"same":[342],"phenomenon":[343],"several":[345],"faiths":[346,394],"different":[350],"denominations":[351],"within":[352],"single":[354],"faith,":[355],"all":[356],"time":[359],"religions":[361],"across":[362],"board":[364],"being":[366],"confronted":[367],"challenges":[370],"modernity,":[372],"modern":[373],"science,":[374],"faith-shaking":[377],"experiences":[378],"Great":[381],"War.":[382],"short,":[384],"such":[385,568,614],"investigation":[387],"complex":[390],"ways":[391],"responded":[395],"dire,":[398],"life-and-death":[399],"crisis":[400],"ground":[403],"has":[404],"potential":[406],"shed":[408],"light":[409],"much":[411],"Demonstration":[412],"Red":[415],"Cross":[416],"EmergencyAmbulance":[417],"Station":[418],"Washington":[420],",":[421,482,650],"D.C.,":[422],"during":[423],"Library":[429],"Congress,":[431],"Prints":[432],"Photographs":[434],"Division":[435],"(reproduction":[436],"number,":[437],"LC-USZ62-126995).":[438],"than":[440],"just":[441],"how":[442,544],"they":[443,452,635],"sought":[444,571],"make":[446],"sense":[447],"particular":[450],"visitation;":[451],"can":[453],"illuminate,":[454],"too,":[455],"dieir":[456],"core":[457],"God.":[461],"Within":[462],"Christian":[466],"fold,":[467],"example,":[469],"clergymen":[470],"Calvinist":[473],"Afrikaner":[474],"Dutch":[475],"Reformed":[476],"Church":[477],"saw":[478],"God":[479,545,576,628],"all-powerful":[481],"First":[484],"Cause.":[485],"obviously":[489],"result":[491],"\"divine":[493],"visitation,\"":[494],"moderator":[496],"church":[499,600,653],"told":[500],"his":[501],"congregation.":[502],"To":[503],"seek":[504],"its":[505],"ultimate":[506],"source":[507],"chance":[510],"action":[511],"germs":[513],"misguided":[516],"dog":[519],"bites":[521],"thrown":[524],"without":[527],"realizing":[528],"who":[529],"thrower":[531],"was.":[532],"plague":[535],"lice":[537],"visited":[538],"upon":[539],"Pharaoh's":[540],"Egypt":[541],"demonstrate":[543],"could":[546],"transform":[547],"smallest":[549],"potent":[555],"instrument":[556],"divine":[558,611],"will?'":[559],"Even":[560],"revealing":[562],"historian":[565],"also":[570],"account":[573],"sent":[578],"epidemic.":[580],"Punishment":[581],"sin":[583,592],"common":[587],"reason":[588],"offered.":[589],"What":[590],"provided":[594],"sharp":[596],"leaders":[601],"1918":[603],"felt":[604],"reprehensible":[607],"warrant":[610],"punishment":[612],"scale.":[616],"turn":[619],"helps":[620],"delineate":[621],"conception":[623],"setting":[630],"out":[631],"human":[633],"behavior":[634],"judged":[636],"be":[638],"anathema":[639],"Him":[641],"[sic].":[642],"always,":[644],"generic":[645],"sins":[646],"like":[647],"immorality,":[648],"drunkenness":[649],"lax":[652],"attendance":[654],"featured":[655],"prominendy":[656],"list":[659],"those":[661],"said":[664],"have":[666],"forth":[668],"God's":[669],"wrath.":[670],"One":[671],"novel":[672],"sin,":[673],"though,":[674],"\"worshipping":[678],"science,\"":[679],"real":[681],"si[g...":[682]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
