{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052266179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2003.0076","title":"The Crisis of Indian Secularism","display_name":"The Crisis of Indian Secularism","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052266179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2003.0076","mag":"2052266179"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/jod.2003.0076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2003.0076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2003.0076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151119180","display_name":"Journal of democracy","issn_l":"1045-5736","issn":["1045-5736","1086-3214"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Democracy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084360170","display_name":"\u0160umit Ganguly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4365-2637","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4365-2637","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-3917"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sumit Ganguly","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084360170"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.687,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98468366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"11","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12949","display_name":"South Asian Studies and Diaspora","score":0.46309998631477356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12949","display_name":"South Asian Studies and Diaspora","score":0.46309998631477356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11507","display_name":"Religion and Society Interactions","score":0.44530001282691956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13336","display_name":"Religious Freedom and Discrimination","score":0.021800000220537186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secularism","display_name":"secularism","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-secularism","display_name":"Indian secularism","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bharatiya-janata-party","display_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-national-congress","display_name":"Indian National Congress","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-secularism","display_name":"anti-secularism","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majoritarian-politics","display_name":"majoritarian politics","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-minorities","display_name":"religious minorities","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-discrimination","display_name":"religious discrimination","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-violence","display_name":"religious violence","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-politics","display_name":"electoral politics","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-secularism","display_name":"constitutional secularism","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.3700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11293438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216920","display_name":"Secularism","level":3,"score":0.9855000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776932993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484318","display_name":"Ethos","level":2,"score":0.7339964509010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.673873782157898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1370556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81009","display_name":"Rhetoric","level":2,"score":0.5712908506393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.559968113899231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5576971173286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.460171639919281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132751094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859563","display_name":"Secular state","level":3,"score":0.420652836561203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.36146092414855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.34087398648262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.30749791860580444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1338157057762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07488623261451721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.07399451732635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/jod.2003.0076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2003.0076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2003.0076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151119180","display_name":"Journal of democracy","issn_l":"1045-5736","issn":["1045-5736","1086-3214"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Democracy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/48103","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/48103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W353946114","https://openalex.org/W1503134246","https://openalex.org/W1534059802","https://openalex.org/W1607320157","https://openalex.org/W2000033148","https://openalex.org/W2019594235","https://openalex.org/W2048585385","https://openalex.org/W2052721431","https://openalex.org/W2057985813","https://openalex.org/W2063491196","https://openalex.org/W2068564266","https://openalex.org/W3196704429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2494835266","https://openalex.org/W2914472817","https://openalex.org/W7137720326","https://openalex.org/W4288375603","https://openalex.org/W7082448827","https://openalex.org/W3085302464","https://openalex.org/W4380077396","https://openalex.org/W2899485516","https://openalex.org/W7216920972","https://openalex.org/W4210552063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"After":[0],"fifty":[1],"years":[2],"of":[3,15,37,63,78,86,109,116,122],"independence":[4],"India":[5,18],"maintains":[6],"a":[7,35,64,75,84],"constitutional":[8,131],"commitment":[9],"to":[10,54,92,105,125],"secularism.":[11,111],"However,":[12],"the":[13,25,30,47,61,79,107,120,128,138],"practice":[14],"secularism":[16,126],"in":[17,141],"is":[19,101],"now":[20],"increasingly":[21],"under":[22],"attack.":[23],"In":[24,71],"quest":[26],"for":[27,136],"electoral":[28,114],"advantage,":[29],"once-dominant":[31],"Congress":[32],"Party,":[33],"made":[34],"series":[36],"choices":[38,45],"that":[39],"compromised":[40],"India's":[41],"secular":[42,130,139],"ethos.":[43],"These":[44],"enabled":[46],"explicitly":[48],"anti-secular":[49,66],"Bharatiya":[50],"Janata":[51],"Party":[52],"(BJP)":[53],"dramatically":[55],"expand":[56],"its":[57],"political":[58,69],"base":[59],"through":[60],"pursuit":[62],"blatantly":[65],"and":[67,82,94,127],"majoritarian":[68],"agenda.":[70],"recent":[72],"years,":[73],"as":[74],"direct":[76],"consequence":[77],"BJP's":[80],"rhetoric":[81],"policies,":[83],"range":[85],"religious":[87],"minorities":[88],"have":[89],"been":[90],"subjected":[91],"discrimination":[93],"violence.":[95],"Despite":[96],"this":[97],"adverse":[98],"trend":[99],"it":[100],"still":[102],"too":[103],"early":[104],"ring":[106],"death-knell":[108],"Indian":[110],"The":[112],"growing":[113],"strength":[115],"hitherto":[117],"disenfranchised":[118],"groups,":[119],"existence":[121],"institutions":[123],"committed":[124],"continuing":[129],"dispensation":[132],"offer":[133],"some":[134],"hope":[135],"sustaining":[137],"order":[140],"India.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}