{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052216790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2014.906807","title":"The Road to Wholeness in Medicine and Public Health","display_name":"The Road to Wholeness in Medicine and Public Health","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052216790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2014.906807","mag":"2052216790"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/21598282.2014.906807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2014.906807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2014.906807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764866836","display_name":"International Critical Thought","issn_l":"2159-8282","issn":["2159-8282","2159-8312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Critical Thought","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026991297","display_name":"Richard Levins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117975","display_name":"Instituto de Ecologia y Sistem\u00e1tica","ror":"https://ror.org/02nfvtw87","country_code":"CU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117975"]}],"countries":["CU","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard Levins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Cuban Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba","Cuban Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba","Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Cuban Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cuban Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026991297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210117975"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5301,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87116621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"221","last_page":"240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12766","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration","score":0.6220999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12766","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration","score":0.6220999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14511","display_name":"Medicine, History, and Philosophy","score":0.16279999911785126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12469","display_name":"Chaos, Complexity, and Education","score":0.08839999884366989,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-errors","display_name":"conceptual errors","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disciplinary-fragmentation","display_name":"disciplinary fragmentation","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reductionism","display_name":"reductionism","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complexity","display_name":"complexity","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneity","display_name":"homogeneity","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-science","display_name":"history of science","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dialectical-thinking","display_name":"dialectical thinking","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-commodification","display_name":"commodification of knowledge","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-isolation","display_name":"institutional isolation","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-errors","display_name":"medical errors","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-policy","display_name":"public health policy","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-and-policy","display_name":"science and policy","score":0.4339999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173366509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206829","display_name":"Reductionism","level":2,"score":0.694555401802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13184196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9453","display_name":"Dialectic","level":2,"score":0.6008532047271729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5641289353370667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57481673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780322","display_name":"Commodification","level":2,"score":0.48470306396484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.43316197395324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182744844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35277","display_name":"Metaphysics","level":2,"score":0.41759616136550903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3538244962692261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11517000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/21598282.2014.906807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2014.906807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2014.906807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764866836","display_name":"International Critical Thought","issn_l":"2159-8282","issn":["2159-8282","2159-8312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Critical Thought","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W592051422","https://openalex.org/W1499355264","https://openalex.org/W1591365105","https://openalex.org/W2065285138","https://openalex.org/W2084100838","https://openalex.org/W2102892532","https://openalex.org/W2326808854","https://openalex.org/W2331737087","https://openalex.org/W2499794944","https://openalex.org/W4243705167"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W136515197","https://openalex.org/W4242062659","https://openalex.org/W4238268780","https://openalex.org/W4301745950","https://openalex.org/W3005381513","https://openalex.org/W844939375","https://openalex.org/W2999459595","https://openalex.org/W2120624270","https://openalex.org/W7075262637","https://openalex.org/W196104848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Doctors":[0],"make":[1],"mistakes.":[2],"Mistakes":[3],"kill":[4],"people.":[5],"We":[6],"have":[7,56],"developed":[8],"methods":[9],"to":[10,24,126,156],"catch":[11],"and":[12,16,60,82,102,134,153,176,191],"reduce":[13],"individual,":[14],"momentary":[15],"idiosyncratic":[17],"errors.":[18],"But":[19,162],"none":[20],"of":[21,29,32,67,72,91,97,100,103,109,122,140,147,160,170,174,181,186],"it":[22],"helps":[23],"correct":[25],"the":[26,70,80,84,98,113,119,124,138,148,154,158,168,184],"shared":[27],"biases":[28],"whole":[30,48,81],"communities":[31],"scientists":[33,190],"or":[34,50],"practitioners.":[35],"This":[36],"article":[37],"is":[38,115,137,143,164],"concerned":[39],"with":[40],"these":[41],"errors,":[42],"conceptual":[43],"errors":[44,54,66,90,108,121],"that":[45,55,112,128,135,136],"afflict":[46],"a":[47,73,87,144],"science":[49,59],"discipline.":[51],"The":[52,179],"big":[53],"affected":[57],"both":[58,96],"policy":[61],"fall":[62],"into":[63],"several":[64],"kinds:":[65],"fragmentation,":[68],"treating":[69],"study":[71,85,101,180],"part":[74],"as":[75],"if":[76],"sufficient":[77],"for":[78,150],"understanding":[79,152],"confining":[83],"within":[86],"single":[88],"discipline;":[89],"static":[92],"thought,":[93],"ignoring":[94],"history":[95],"object":[99],"our":[104],"thinking":[105],"about":[106],"it;":[107],"level,":[110],"imagining":[111],"small":[114],"more":[116],"fundamental":[117],"than":[118],"large;":[120],"homogeneity,":[123],"failure":[125],"recognize":[127],"all":[129],"things":[130],"are":[131],"internally":[132],"heterogeneous":[133],"source":[139],"process.":[141],"There":[142],"growing":[145],"recognition":[146],"need":[149,155],"complex":[151],"assimilate":[157],"universality":[159],"change.":[161],"this":[163],"held":[165],"back":[166],"by":[167],"commodification":[169],"knowledge,":[171],"institutional":[172],"isolation":[173],"disciplines,":[175],"reductionist":[177],"philosophy.":[178],"complexity":[182],"requires":[183],"revival":[185],"dialectical":[187],"thought":[188],"among":[189],"policy-makers.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}