{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052157232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4894063","title":"Best practices in measuring vowel merger","display_name":"Best practices in measuring vowel merger","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052157232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4894063","mag":"2052157232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1121/1.4894063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4894063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4894063","pdf_url":"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1121/1.4894063","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523472","display_name":"Proceedings of meetings on acoustics","issn_l":"1939-800X","issn":["1939-800X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320226","host_organization_name":"Acoustical Society of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320226"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Acoustical Society of America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1121/1.4894063","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017780571","display_name":"Jennifer Nycz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8326-9392","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8326-9392"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Nycz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Linguistics, Georgetown University, 1437 37th St. NW, Washington, DC 20057","GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Linguistics, Georgetown University, 1437 37th St. NW, Washington, DC 20057","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047013594","display_name":"Lauren Hall\u2010Lew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-0352","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-0352"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren Hall-Lew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Linguistics and English Language, University of Edinburgh, 3 Charles St., Edinburgh, EH8 8EW United Kingdom","School of Philosophy Psychology and Language Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Linguistics and English Language, University of Edinburgh, 3 Charles St., Edinburgh, EH8 8EW United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Philosophy Psychology and Language Sciences","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0875,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97226277,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"060008","last_page":"060008"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.6807000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.6807000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.31470000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12768","display_name":"Linguistics and language evolution","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowel-merger","display_name":"vowel merger","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sound-change","display_name":"sound change","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-effects-regression","display_name":"mixed-effects regression","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scottish-english","display_name":"Scottish English","score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-york-city-english","display_name":"New York City English","score":0.531000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36244","display_name":"Vowel","level":2,"score":0.813843846321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779307921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14549","display_name":"Scots","level":2,"score":0.6963645815849304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.5497555732727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5480000972747803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4747229814529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779879116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754984","display_name":"Sound change","level":2,"score":0.45723164081573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3982357382774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3953062891960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.38092559576034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34525614976882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3212158679962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2445266842842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11311396956443787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1121/1.4894063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4894063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4894063","pdf_url":"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1121/1.4894063","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523472","display_name":"Proceedings of meetings on acoustics","issn_l":"1939-800X","issn":["1939-800X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320226","host_organization_name":"Acoustical Society of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320226"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Acoustical Society of America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/5f3ff40d-d7da-4d6e-90a4-56c6f1cfc52f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/5f3ff40d-d7da-4d6e-90a4-56c6f1cfc52f","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/16944233/Nycz_Hall_Lew_2014.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nycz, J & Hall-Lew, L 2014, Best practices in measuring vowel merger. in Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics : The Acoustical Society of America through the American Institute of Physics. 1 edn, vol. 20, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4894063","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1121/1.4894063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4894063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4894063","pdf_url":"https://asa.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1121/1.4894063","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523472","display_name":"Proceedings of meetings on acoustics","issn_l":"1939-800X","issn":["1939-800X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320226","host_organization_name":"Acoustical Society of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320226"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Acoustical Society of America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2052157232.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2052157232.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36085439","https://openalex.org/W183070930","https://openalex.org/W192219030","https://openalex.org/W364957613","https://openalex.org/W409374344","https://openalex.org/W1520066272","https://openalex.org/W1540596182","https://openalex.org/W1598923311","https://openalex.org/W1934803120","https://openalex.org/W1974020447","https://openalex.org/W1997116745","https://openalex.org/W2052040706","https://openalex.org/W2110826171","https://openalex.org/W2133535745","https://openalex.org/W2482448866","https://openalex.org/W2586516948","https://openalex.org/W2660061819","https://openalex.org/W3201742820","https://openalex.org/W4234728038","https://openalex.org/W4242721106","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6722987891"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133535745","https://openalex.org/W4402112286","https://openalex.org/W4400288586","https://openalex.org/W4406369654","https://openalex.org/W2768229262","https://openalex.org/W4229454657","https://openalex.org/W4234677831","https://openalex.org/W2940770446","https://openalex.org/W4318542768","https://openalex.org/W980998765"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vowel":[0],"mergers":[1],"are":[2],"some":[3,148],"of":[4,77,86,94,115],"the":[5,12,55,64,73,129],"most":[6],"well-studied":[7],"sound":[8],"change":[9],"phenomena.":[10],"Yet":[11],"methods":[13],"for":[14],"assessing":[15,44],"and":[16,43,63,75,80,117,124,134,136],"characterizing":[17],"an":[18,23],"individual":[19],"speaker's":[20],"participation":[21],"in":[22,119,128,142],"ongoing":[24],"merger":[25],"(or":[26],"split)":[27],"vary":[28],"widely,":[29],"especially":[30],"among":[31,126,138],"researchers":[32],"analyzing":[33],"naturalistic":[34],"corpora.":[35],"We":[36,71,145],"consider":[37],"four":[38],"methodological":[39],"approaches":[40],"to":[41,88,106],"representing":[42],"vowel":[45,98,108],"difference:":[46],"Euclidean":[47],"distances,":[48],"mixed":[49],"effects":[50],"regression":[51],"modeling":[52],"(Nycz":[53],"2013),":[54],"Pillai-Bartlett":[56],"trace":[57],"(Hay,":[58],"Warren,":[59],"&":[60],"Drager":[61],"2006),":[62],"spectral":[65],"overlap":[66],"assessment":[67],"metric":[68],"(Wassink":[69],"2006).":[70],"discuss":[72],"strengths":[74],"weaknesses":[76],"each":[78,93],"method":[79],"compare":[81],"them":[82,87],"by":[83],"applying":[84],"all":[85],"three":[89],"different":[90],"data":[91,99],"sets,":[92],"which":[95],"contains":[96],"low":[97],"from":[100],"speakers":[101],"whose":[102],"status":[103],"with":[104,147],"respect":[105],"a":[107],"contrast":[109],"may":[110],"not":[111],"be":[112],"clear-cut:":[113],"realizations":[114],"COT":[116,123],"CAUGHT":[118,125],"San":[120],"Francisco,":[121],"California;":[122],"Canadians":[127],"New":[130],"York":[131],"City":[132],"region;":[133],"TRAP":[135],"BATH":[137],"Scots":[139],"who":[140],"work":[141],"Southern":[143],"England.":[144],"conclude":[146],"practical":[149],"recommendations.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}