{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051934599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.443.0467","title":"Designing software architectures to facilitate accessible Web applications","display_name":"Designing software architectures to facilitate accessible Web applications","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051934599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.443.0467","mag":"2051934599"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1147/sj.443.0467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.443.0467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.443.0467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112676551","display_name":"IBM Systems Journal","issn_l":"0018-8670","issn":["0018-8670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"D. Hoffman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799411961","display_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art","ror":"https://ror.org/03rb61q14","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799411961"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Hoffman","raw_affiliation_strings":["MILVETS Systems Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA","MILVETS Systems Technology, 4675 Annex Building, 6401 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21235, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MILVETS Systems Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799411961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MILVETS Systems Technology, 4675 Annex Building, 6401 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21235, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074934552","display_name":"E. Grivel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Grivel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Information Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA","Lockheed Martin Information Technology, 3300 Lord Baltimore Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21244, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Information Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Information Technology, 3300 Lord Baltimore Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21244, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090995982","display_name":"Lisa Battle","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287521167","display_name":"Lockheed Martin (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026er9r08","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Battle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lockheed Martin Information Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA","Lockheed Martin Information Technology, 3300 Lord Baltimore Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21244, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Information Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lockheed Martin Information Technology, 3300 Lord Baltimore Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21244, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287521167"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.8426,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97657029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"3","first_page":"467","last_page":"483"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12601","display_name":"Web Applications and Data Management","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-accessibility","display_name":"web accessibility","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-architecture","display_name":"software architecture","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/users-with-disabilities","display_name":"disabled users","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blind-and-visually-impaired-users","display_name":"blind and visually impaired users","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobility-impairment","display_name":"mobility impairment","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-handling","display_name":"error handling","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"usability","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-security-administration","display_name":"Social Security Administration","score":0.6499999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7046793699264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.6880127191543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194669863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808932","display_name":"Web accessibility","level":4,"score":0.6377290487289429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6085036396980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197973564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q636020","display_name":"Web Accessibility Initiative","level":5,"score":0.5960568189620972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5479032397270203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778535757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328864","display_name":"Screen reader","level":3,"score":0.5447559952735901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.4841518998146057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97200028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196135","display_name":"Web engineering","level":5,"score":0.4761274456977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130436687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978591","display_name":"Web modeling","level":3,"score":0.47218647599220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.47213226556777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182321512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153289","display_name":"Web standards","level":3,"score":0.46134641766548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.46083882451057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.43083757162094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59241245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Web application security","level":4,"score":0.410703182220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.39150092005729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3830384910106659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020106864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visually impaired","level":2,"score":0.07781696319580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1147/sj.443.0467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.443.0467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.443.0467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112676551","display_name":"IBM Systems Journal","issn_l":"0018-8670","issn":["0018-8670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7390999794006348,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309369","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321012","display_name":"Technische Universiteit Delft","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23466510","https://openalex.org/W116825630","https://openalex.org/W1554977156","https://openalex.org/W2023651435","https://openalex.org/W2025907884"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100837783","https://openalex.org/W1957865299","https://openalex.org/W2809820607","https://openalex.org/W2134875528","https://openalex.org/W37146919","https://openalex.org/W7097781202","https://openalex.org/W2772669816","https://openalex.org/W1577287738","https://openalex.org/W126054256","https://openalex.org/W2165312372"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Web":[1,25,103,131,157],"application":[2,26],"is":[3,27],"increasingly":[4],"a":[5,19,63],"platform":[6],"of":[7,66,87,175,182,186,193],"choice":[8],"for":[9,32,90,105,118],"complex":[10],"business":[11],"software":[12],"and":[13,30,61,83,133,151,163,167],"online":[14],"services.":[15],"However,":[16],"it":[17],"remains":[18],"challenge":[20],"to":[21,56,115,156],"ensure":[22],"that":[23,38,120],"the":[24,58,79,85,106,172,179,184,194],"easy,":[28],"efficient,":[29],"effective":[31],"people":[33],"with":[34,40,62],"disabilities.":[35],"Accessibility":[36],"requires":[37],"users":[39],"disabilities,":[41],"including":[42],"those":[43],"who":[44],"are":[45,54],"blind,":[46],"have":[47,51,113],"low":[48],"vision,":[49],"or":[50],"mobility":[52],"impairments,":[53],"able":[55],"use":[57],"applications":[59,104,132],"effectively":[60],"reasonable":[64],"amount":[65],"effort.":[67],"Although":[68],"there":[69],"has":[70,92],"been":[71,94],"important":[72],"progress":[73],"in":[74,77,101,130,148,154,177],"recent":[75],"years":[76],"describing":[78],"relationship":[80],"between":[81],"architecture":[82,136,176],"usability,":[84],"topic":[86],"architectural":[88],"support":[89,121],"accessibility":[91,127],"not":[93],"adequately":[95],"addressed.":[96],"Based":[97],"on":[98],"our":[99],"experience":[100],"designing":[102],"United":[107],"States":[108],"Social":[109],"Security":[110],"Administration,":[111],"we":[112],"begun":[114],"identify":[116],"guidelines":[117],"architectures":[119],"accessibility.":[122],"This":[123],"paper":[124],"describes":[125],"common":[126],"problems":[128,141],"encountered":[129],"explains":[134],"how":[135],"can":[137],"help":[138],"address":[139],"these":[140],"through":[142],"reusable":[143],"accessible":[144],"objects,":[145],"supplementing":[146],"information":[147],"links,":[149],"buttons,":[150],"labels,":[152],"assisting":[153],"access":[155],"page":[158],"visual":[159],"information,":[160],"handling":[161],"errors,":[162],"providing":[164],"time-out":[165],"notification":[166],"recovery.":[168],"It":[169],"also":[170],"discusses":[171],"critical":[173],"role":[174],"supporting":[178],"best":[180],"way":[181],"meeting":[183],"needs":[185],"diverse":[187],"user":[188,195],"groups:":[189],"multiple":[190],"dynamic":[191],"views":[192],"interface.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}