{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051864643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.49.5.445","title":"Clinical audit: more research is required.","display_name":"Clinical audit: more research is required.","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051864643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.49.5.445","mag":"2051864643","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7499984","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1060145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.49.5.445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.49.5.445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.49.5.445","pdf_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/49/5/445.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/49/5/445.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008589710","display_name":"Andy Barton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2245-1446","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2245-1446"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Barton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032802469","display_name":"R. G. Thomson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Thomson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,","Newcastle Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022052823","display_name":"Raj S. Bhopal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-347X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-347X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Bhopal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,","Newcastle Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3153,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93953111,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"5","first_page":"445","last_page":"447"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12871","display_name":"Healthcare Quality and Management","score":0.7196999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12871","display_name":"Healthcare Quality and Management","score":0.7196999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11590","display_name":"Primary Care and Health Outcomes","score":0.093299999833107,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10629","display_name":"Health Policy Implementation Science","score":0.061500001698732376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-audit","display_name":"clinical audit","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-improvement","display_name":"quality improvement","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-effectiveness","display_name":"cost-effectiveness","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit-costs","display_name":"audit costs","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-care","display_name":"quality of care","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care","display_name":"primary care","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-care","display_name":"secondary care","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-evaluation","display_name":"economic evaluation","score":0.5429999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8655207753181458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.7187138795852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.5916898250579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.4945811927318573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192643346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283579","display_name":"tar (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48884743452072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.42711013555526733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019085024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7212330","display_name":"Cigarette smoking","level":2,"score":0.4113914370536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.23173153400421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.17705866694450378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.16971957683563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006302","descriptor_name":"Health Services Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008485","descriptor_name":"Medical Audit","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008485","descriptor_name":"Medical Audit","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.49.5.445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.49.5.445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.49.5.445","pdf_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/49/5/445.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1060145","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1060145","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1060145/pdf/jepicomh00192-0003.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Epidemiol Community Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:7499984","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7499984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of epidemiology and community health","raw_type":"Editorial"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.49.5.445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.49.5.445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.49.5.445","pdf_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/49/5/445.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8371999859809875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2051864643.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2051864643.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W153553315","https://openalex.org/W1983750079","https://openalex.org/W1985860616","https://openalex.org/W1989340390","https://openalex.org/W1990025607","https://openalex.org/W1997306676","https://openalex.org/W2000440576","https://openalex.org/W2012584707","https://openalex.org/W2013064196","https://openalex.org/W2026832271","https://openalex.org/W2033973953","https://openalex.org/W2036951999","https://openalex.org/W2052560218","https://openalex.org/W2064597816","https://openalex.org/W2064633053","https://openalex.org/W2070504353","https://openalex.org/W2072814803","https://openalex.org/W2082247302","https://openalex.org/W2085669191","https://openalex.org/W2089703760","https://openalex.org/W2090061778","https://openalex.org/W2106530976","https://openalex.org/W2118591659","https://openalex.org/W2123863459","https://openalex.org/W2124058940","https://openalex.org/W2142247552","https://openalex.org/W2143617965","https://openalex.org/W2154662197","https://openalex.org/W2415579324","https://openalex.org/W2905821330","https://openalex.org/W2940397675","https://openalex.org/W2943736686","https://openalex.org/W6992748554"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2897756279","https://openalex.org/W2092664704","https://openalex.org/W4290146458","https://openalex.org/W2404171347","https://openalex.org/W7167245283","https://openalex.org/W2527130703","https://openalex.org/W2425837044","https://openalex.org/W3171474863","https://openalex.org/W1921404510","https://openalex.org/W7099986109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Primary":[0],"care":[1,18],"*":[2,19,56,58,61,65],"Unstructured":[3],"and":[4,21,39],"semi-structured":[5],"interviews":[6],"Is":[7,36,43],"audit":[8,27,37,69],"the":[9],"most":[10],"effective":[11],"means":[12],"of":[13,68],"achieving":[14],"quality":[15,45],"improvement?*":[16],"Secondary":[17],"Participant":[20],"non-participant":[22],"observation":[23],"How":[24],"much":[25],"does":[26],"cost?Audit":[28],"as":[29],"a":[30],"national":[31],"activity":[32],"Cross":[33],"sectional":[34],"surveys":[35],"cost-effective?Cohort":[38],"case":[40],"control":[41],"studies":[42],"another":[44],"mechanism":[46],"likely":[47],"to":[48],"be":[49],"more":[50],"cost-effective":[51],"Intervention":[52],"trials":[53],"Economic":[54],"analysis:":[55],"Costs":[57],"Cost":[59,62,66],"effectiveness":[60,67],"benefit":[63],"analysis":[64],"compared":[70],"with":[71],"alternative":[72],"activities":[73]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}