{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051702937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.60.2022","title":"Shell-Structure Phase of Magnetically Confined Strongly Coupled Plasmas","display_name":"Shell-Structure Phase of Magnetically Confined Strongly Coupled Plasmas","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051702937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.60.2022","mag":"2051702937","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10038237"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.60.2022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.60.2022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.60.2022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113937376","display_name":"S. L. Gilbert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. L. Gilbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086425769","display_name":"J. J. Bollinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9117-7896","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9117-7896"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. J. Bollinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001536933","display_name":"David J. Wineland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-5220","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-5220"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. J. Wineland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Time and Frequency Division, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Time and Frequency Division, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"],"apc_list":{"value":3750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3750},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3751,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":257,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99115683,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"20","first_page":"2022","last_page":"2025"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11603","display_name":"Dust and Plasma Wave Phenomena","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11603","display_name":"Dust and Plasma Wave Phenomena","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13769","display_name":"Fusion and Plasma Physics Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shell-structures","display_name":"shell structures","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strongly-coupled-plasma","display_name":"strongly coupled plasma","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonneutral-plasma","display_name":"non-neutral plasma","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penning-trap","display_name":"Penning trap","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-cooling","display_name":"laser cooling","score":0.8370000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.7601615190505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.7495671510696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.7223003506660461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6320326328277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.5341680645942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781052500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2230313","display_name":"Shell (structure)","level":2,"score":0.521079421043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.50604647397995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.4495026171207428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69402668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136969","display_name":"Coulomb explosion","level":4,"score":0.42014622688293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.32695335149765015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198291218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190382","display_name":"Ionization","level":3,"score":0.22812625765800476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.17820844054222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12455025315284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevlett.60.2022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.60.2022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.60.2022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10038237","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10038237","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical review letters","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570172164","https://openalex.org/W1964061823","https://openalex.org/W1968804723","https://openalex.org/W1982657701","https://openalex.org/W1986225137","https://openalex.org/W1989726075","https://openalex.org/W2009917336","https://openalex.org/W2030514141","https://openalex.org/W2031062121","https://openalex.org/W2044305145","https://openalex.org/W2062149758","https://openalex.org/W2064537201","https://openalex.org/W2064899637","https://openalex.org/W2072176775","https://openalex.org/W2092970246","https://openalex.org/W2131459529","https://openalex.org/W2147101692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1653689082","https://openalex.org/W1498379170","https://openalex.org/W189357949","https://openalex.org/W2030514141","https://openalex.org/W2030583894","https://openalex.org/W2053319112","https://openalex.org/W1623477293","https://openalex.org/W7097794193","https://openalex.org/W2734887650","https://openalex.org/W2069978278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"report":[1],"the":[2,40,52,65,72],"observation":[3],"of":[4,33,54,64,71],"shell":[5,84],"structure":[6,85],"in":[7,14],"$^{9}\\mathrm{Be}^{+}$":[8],"nonneutral":[9],"plasmas":[10],"(ion":[11],"clouds)":[12],"confined":[13],"a":[15],"Penning":[16],"trap.":[17],"Clouds":[18],"containing":[19],"up":[20],"to":[21,31,81],"15000":[22],"ions":[23,41],"(density":[24],"\\ensuremath{\\cong}":[25],"${10}^{8}$":[26],"${\\mathrm{cm}}^{\\ensuremath{-}3}$)":[27],"were":[28,59],"laser":[29],"cooled":[30],"temperatures":[32],"about":[34,79],"10":[35],"mK.":[36],"Under":[37],"these":[38],"conditions,":[39],"are":[42],"strongly":[43],"coupled":[44],"and":[45,48],"exhibit":[46],"liquidlike":[47],"solidlike":[49],"behavior":[50],"through":[51],"formation":[53],"concentric":[55],"shells.":[56],"The":[57,83],"shells":[58],"observed":[60],"by":[61],"direct":[62],"imaging":[63],"laser-induced":[66],"ion":[67],"fluorescence":[68],"for":[69],"values":[70],"Coulomb":[73],"coupling":[74],"constant":[75],"$\\ensuremath{\\Gamma}$":[76],"ranging":[77],"from":[78],"20":[80],"200.":[82],"is":[86],"compared":[87],"with":[88],"theoretical":[89],"predictions.":[90]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}