{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051700567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.621946","title":"Virtual Incubation in Industrial Clusters: A Case Study in Pakistan","display_name":"Virtual Incubation in Industrial Clusters: A Case Study in Pakistan","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051700567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.621946","mag":"2051700567"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00220388.2011.621946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.621946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.621946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61808140","display_name":"The Journal of Development Studies","issn_l":"0022-0388","issn":["0022-0388","1743-9140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Development Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063248548","display_name":"Babur Wasim Arif","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800666866","display_name":"Government of Pakistan","ror":"https://ror.org/00pnp4y96","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800666866"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Babur Wasim Arif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800666866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046911892","display_name":"Tetsushi Sonobe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9961-9764","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9961-9764"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116292333","display_name":"National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03gz5xp73","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116292333"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tetsushi Sonobe","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116292333"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063248548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800666866"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.6355,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97763518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"3","first_page":"377","last_page":"392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12636","display_name":"Regional Development and Innovation","score":0.6074000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12636","display_name":"Regional Development and Innovation","score":0.6074000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.19689999520778656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.03449999913573265,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-clusters","display_name":"industrial clusters","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-networks","display_name":"personal networks","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subcontracting","display_name":"subcontracting","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incumbent-firms","display_name":"incumbent firms","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-costs","display_name":"transaction costs","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-riding","display_name":"free-riding","score":0.7649999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775836275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3502310","display_name":"Dynamism","level":2,"score":0.9121451377868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281228","display_name":"Disadvantage","level":2,"score":0.677552342414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6262904405593872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.6248165965080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6162745952606201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.5984611511230469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.5455985069274902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.13858410716056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00220388.2011.621946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.621946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.621946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61808140","display_name":"The Journal of Development Studies","issn_l":"0022-0388","issn":["0022-0388","1743-9140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Development Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:jdevst:v:48:y:2012:i:3:p:377-392","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/00220388.2011.621946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.9211000204086304,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507314646","https://openalex.org/W1513281941","https://openalex.org/W1552178786","https://openalex.org/W1977719794","https://openalex.org/W1982684475","https://openalex.org/W1983678651","https://openalex.org/W1984524168","https://openalex.org/W1989652545","https://openalex.org/W2005225135","https://openalex.org/W2008177359","https://openalex.org/W2010322155","https://openalex.org/W2016597418","https://openalex.org/W2023235317","https://openalex.org/W2028988021","https://openalex.org/W2029786207","https://openalex.org/W2040185701","https://openalex.org/W2058147221","https://openalex.org/W2065402122","https://openalex.org/W2076073752","https://openalex.org/W2081592998","https://openalex.org/W2082590106","https://openalex.org/W2087241779","https://openalex.org/W2094453473","https://openalex.org/W2103870187","https://openalex.org/W2116088111","https://openalex.org/W2123139692","https://openalex.org/W2130635900","https://openalex.org/W2138168736","https://openalex.org/W2142283273","https://openalex.org/W2147264455","https://openalex.org/W2153063632","https://openalex.org/W2161882890","https://openalex.org/W2168477540","https://openalex.org/W2172900617","https://openalex.org/W3123150393","https://openalex.org/W3143110694","https://openalex.org/W4301479345"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367534536","https://openalex.org/W2791708567","https://openalex.org/W1977341918","https://openalex.org/W7019561210","https://openalex.org/W1864487032","https://openalex.org/W2020429889","https://openalex.org/W4409199537","https://openalex.org/W2393715855","https://openalex.org/W2357516495","https://openalex.org/W1480091798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,25],"industrial":[1,52],"clusters,":[2],"transaction":[3],"costs":[4],"are":[5,35,68],"kept":[6],"low":[7],"and":[8,20,33],"free":[9],"riding":[10],"is":[11],"discouraged":[12],"by":[13],"a":[14,38],"community":[15],"mechanism":[16],"developed":[17],"through":[18],"dense":[19],"repeated":[21],"interactions":[22],"among":[23],"entrepreneurs.":[24],"such":[26],"environments,":[27],"new":[28,45,93],"entrants":[29],"without":[30],"established":[31],"reputations":[32],"connections":[34],"put":[36],"at":[37],"distinct":[39],"disadvantage.":[40],"This":[41],"negative":[42],"effect":[43],"on":[44],"entry":[46],"must":[47],"be":[48],"neutralised":[49],"for":[50,71],"an":[51],"cluster":[53],"to":[54,77],"expand.":[55],"Using":[56],"enterprise":[57,73],"level":[58],"data":[59],"from":[60],"Pakistan,":[61],"this":[62],"study":[63],"finds":[64],"that":[65,83],"personal":[66],"networks":[67],"indeed":[69],"important":[70],"successful":[72],"operation,":[74],"which":[75],"works":[76],"the":[78,86,96],"advantage":[79],"of":[80,88],"incumbents,":[81],"but":[82],"subcontracting":[84],"plays":[85],"role":[87],"virtual":[89],"incubation":[90],"in":[91],"nurturing":[92],"enterprises,":[94],"reinforcing":[95],"cluster's":[97],"dynamism.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
