{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051587271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5406.1290","title":"Condensation of Carbon in Radioactive Supernova Gas","display_name":"Condensation of Carbon in Radioactive Supernova Gas","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051587271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5406.1290","mag":"2051587271","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10037591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.283.5406.1290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5406.1290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5406.1290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111484628","display_name":"Donald D. Clayton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald D. Clayton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634\u20131911, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634\u20131911, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101644806","display_name":"Weihong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-0259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-0259","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7790-5700","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6782-4280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831\u20136372, USA, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831\u20136372, USA, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111962502","display_name":"A. Dalgarno","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124175","display_name":"Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian","ror":"https://ror.org/03c3r2d17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210124175"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Dalgarno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124175"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":139,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94075691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"283","issue":"5406","first_page":"1290","last_page":"1292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.9136000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.9136000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.062199998646974564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.016899999231100082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-condensation","display_name":"carbon condensation","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supernova-dust","display_name":"supernova dust","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radioactive-decay","display_name":"radioactive decay","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-dissociation","display_name":"CO dissociation","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorites","display_name":"meteorites","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supernova-nucleosynthesis","display_name":"supernova nucleosynthesis","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-bearing-molecules","display_name":"carbon-bearing molecules","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.6894606351852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102931765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189673","display_name":"Dissociation (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6365653276443481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512735826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025","display_name":"Carbon monoxide","level":3,"score":0.6072824597358704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127592171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3937","display_name":"Supernova","level":2,"score":0.5487620234489441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130635790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60186","display_name":"Meteorite","level":2,"score":0.5058633685112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32909587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369","display_name":"Molecule","level":2,"score":0.45152464509010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207170983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2901852","display_name":"Compounds of carbon","level":3,"score":0.4503735601902008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.43087661266326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.4014437198638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.39354661107063293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.36163419485092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.31195494532585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.28373295068740845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.27150964736938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177801218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36534","display_name":"Chemical reaction","level":2,"score":0.19695499539375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.11730268597602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.07308587431907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001256","descriptor_name":"Astronomy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002244","descriptor_name":"Carbon","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002248","descriptor_name":"Carbon Monoxide","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008433","descriptor_name":"Mathematics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008956","descriptor_name":"Models, Chemical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010100","descriptor_name":"Oxygen","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019110","descriptor_name":"Meteoroids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019443","descriptor_name":"Cosmic Dust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055580","descriptor_name":"Astronomical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.283.5406.1290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5406.1290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5406.1290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10037591","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10037591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.972.2177","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.972.2177","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/283/5406/1290.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open.clemson.edu:physastro_pubs-1288","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://open.clemson.edu/physastro_pubs/289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196397","display_name":"TigerPrints (Clemson University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","host_organization_name":"Clemson University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tigerprints.clemson.edu:physastro_pubs-1288","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/physastro_pubs/289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196397","display_name":"TigerPrints (Clemson University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","host_organization_name":"Clemson University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W227044478","https://openalex.org/W751118393","https://openalex.org/W1679062983","https://openalex.org/W1965350431","https://openalex.org/W1974737886","https://openalex.org/W1976231372","https://openalex.org/W1980134060","https://openalex.org/W1994254225","https://openalex.org/W2012282059","https://openalex.org/W2024815711","https://openalex.org/W2032132474","https://openalex.org/W2041957459","https://openalex.org/W2043441463","https://openalex.org/W2048797945","https://openalex.org/W2057756920","https://openalex.org/W2066609488","https://openalex.org/W2068139976","https://openalex.org/W2073710844","https://openalex.org/W2077917118","https://openalex.org/W2078306862","https://openalex.org/W2082177180","https://openalex.org/W2085099552","https://openalex.org/W2150112116","https://openalex.org/W2336305729","https://openalex.org/W4236166474","https://openalex.org/W6600529467","https://openalex.org/W6744189618"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574434361","https://openalex.org/W1644635314","https://openalex.org/W2047648761","https://openalex.org/W4255045238","https://openalex.org/W1669421074","https://openalex.org/W1987031823","https://openalex.org/W2195360408","https://openalex.org/W3114257415","https://openalex.org/W3111864335","https://openalex.org/W3087584847"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chemistry":[0],"resulting":[1,67],"in":[2,11,45,102],"the":[3,12,21,46,51,61,81,85],"formation":[4],"of":[5,14,50,63,94],"large":[6],"carbon-bearing":[7],"molecules":[8],"and":[9,20,36,59],"dust":[10,30,73,86],"interior":[13],"an":[15],"expanding":[16],"supernova":[17,47],"was":[18],"explored,":[19],"equations":[22],"governing":[23],"their":[24],"abundances":[25],"were":[26],"solved":[27],"numerically.":[28],"Carbon":[29],"condenses":[31],"from":[32],"initially":[33],"gaseous":[34],"carbon":[35,52,64,69,72,78,97],"oxygen":[37],"atoms":[38,70],"because":[39],"energetic":[40],"electrons":[41],"produced":[42],"by":[43,77,90],"radioactivity":[44],"cause":[48],"dissociation":[49],"monoxide":[53],"molecules,":[54],"which":[55,84],"would":[56],"otherwise":[57],"form":[58],"limit":[60],"supply":[62],"atoms.":[65],"The":[66,92],"free":[68],"enable":[71],"to":[74],"grow":[75],"faster":[76],"association":[79],"than":[80],"rate":[82],"at":[83],"can":[87],"be":[88],"destroyed":[89],"oxidation.":[91],"origin":[93],"presolar":[95],"micrometer-sized":[96],"solids":[98],"that":[99],"are":[100],"found":[101],"meteorites":[103],"is":[104],"thereby":[105],"altered.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}