{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051421671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1436","title":"What we do and don't know about 'race', 'ethnicity', genetics and health at the dawn of the genome era","display_name":"What we do and don't know about 'race', 'ethnicity', genetics and health at the dawn of the genome era","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051421671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1436","mag":"2051421671","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15507997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/ng1436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137905309","display_name":"Nature Genetics","issn_l":"1061-4036","issn":["1061-4036","1546-1718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Genetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068242165","display_name":"Francis S. Collins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-7410","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-7410"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090236","display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00baak391","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210090236"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francis S Collins","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. fc23a@nih.gov","National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. fc23a@nih.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210090236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210090236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068242165"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210090236"],"apc_list":{"value":12690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":12690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":55.7574,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":317,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99793444,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"S11","first_page":"S13","last_page":"S15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12749","display_name":"Race, Genetics, and Society","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12749","display_name":"Race, Genetics, and Society","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10751","display_name":"Forensic and Genetic Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"race","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnicity","display_name":"ethnicity","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-ancestry","display_name":"genetic ancestry","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-risk","display_name":"disease risk","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-access","display_name":"health care access","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-factors","display_name":"environmental factors","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-determinism","display_name":"genetic determinism","score":0.42899999022483826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.743200421333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7162122130393982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.6753544807434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6395514011383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104977270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000306","display_name":"Race and health","level":4,"score":0.6006351709365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166151441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4923601","display_name":"Causation","level":2,"score":0.5496752858161926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.5022172927856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.49099162220954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.4659239947795868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4241422414779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.3613240718841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.346122682094574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.22130432724952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.2156316041946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.18215584754943848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.13849681615829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.10056668519973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0932614803314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0914888083934784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006304","descriptor_name":"Health Status","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015894","descriptor_name":"Genome, Human","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044469","descriptor_name":"Racial Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/ng1436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137905309","display_name":"Nature Genetics","issn_l":"1061-4036","issn":["1061-4036","1546-1718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Genetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15507997","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15507997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature genetics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/505640","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/505640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"277543","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.766700029373169,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1643371996","https://openalex.org/W1966619297","https://openalex.org/W1994458586","https://openalex.org/W2011988460","https://openalex.org/W2058401000","https://openalex.org/W2072100938","https://openalex.org/W2141042406","https://openalex.org/W2158507534","https://openalex.org/W2159819284","https://openalex.org/W2160514929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164194011","https://openalex.org/W2071785329","https://openalex.org/W2050012890","https://openalex.org/W7097070874","https://openalex.org/W2064863367","https://openalex.org/W133216809","https://openalex.org/W4400023495","https://openalex.org/W2247081217","https://openalex.org/W2056626559","https://openalex.org/W4229449384"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}