{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051293718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1412423","title":"Practical methods for speeding-up the pairwise nearest neighbor method","display_name":"Practical methods for speeding-up the pairwise nearest neighbor method","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051293718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1412423","mag":"2051293718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.1412423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1412423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1412423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175543413","display_name":"Optical Engineering","issn_l":"0091-3286","issn":["0091-3286","1560-2303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018571563","display_name":"Olli Virmajoki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Olli Virmajoki","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Joensuu","University of Joensuu, Department of Computer Science, P.O Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Joensuu","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Joensuu, Department of Computer Science, P.O Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037846871","display_name":"Pasi Fr\u00e4nti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-2827","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-2827"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pasi Franti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Joensuu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Joensuu","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007939652","display_name":"Timo Kaukoranta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1251-9072","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1251-9072"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Kaukoranta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Turku"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Turku","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018571563"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4929,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83766598,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"11","first_page":"2495","last_page":"2504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10637","display_name":"Advanced Clustering Algorithms Research","score":0.013500000350177288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-quantization","display_name":"vector quantization","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook-development","display_name":"codebook generation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-speed-up","display_name":"computational speed-up","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-calculation-reduction","display_name":"distance calculation reduction","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-quantization","display_name":"color quantization","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exact-algorithms","display_name":"exact algorithms","score":0.39899998903274536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7504717111587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.6132215857505798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5584022402763367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4403766691684723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161986146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4896845","display_name":"Best bin first","level":3,"score":0.43785449862480164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4163323938846588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32525408267974854}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.1412423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1412423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1412423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175543413","display_name":"Optical Engineering","issn_l":"0091-3286","issn":["0091-3286","1560-2303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.5.4034","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.5.4034","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://cs.joensuu.fi/franti/papers/PNN-PDS-MPS.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1634005169","https://openalex.org/W1819316285","https://openalex.org/W1941573026","https://openalex.org/W2026609130","https://openalex.org/W2062554008","https://openalex.org/W2063697449","https://openalex.org/W2069797735","https://openalex.org/W2116965831","https://openalex.org/W2117671548","https://openalex.org/W2134383396","https://openalex.org/W2144405005","https://openalex.org/W2144569143","https://openalex.org/W2156097299","https://openalex.org/W2168055737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1941573026","https://openalex.org/W2096864066","https://openalex.org/W1590503934","https://openalex.org/W2135172998","https://openalex.org/W2167469678","https://openalex.org/W2156097299","https://openalex.org/W1493557220","https://openalex.org/W2144405005","https://openalex.org/W2358024200","https://openalex.org/W2469608113"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,56],"pairwise":[1],"nearest":[2],"neighbor":[3],"(PNN)":[4],"method":[5,11,116],"is":[6,60,77],"a":[7,24],"simple":[8],"and":[9,66,123],"well-known":[10],"for":[12,117],"codebook":[13,26],"generation":[14],"in":[15,73,120,124],"vector":[16,126],"quantization.":[17,127],"In":[18],"its":[19],"exact":[20,36],"form,":[21],"it":[22],"provides":[23],"good-quality":[25],"but":[27],"at":[28],"the":[29,43,51,88,94,102,114],"cost":[30],"of":[31,47,90,113],"high":[32],"run":[33,57,103],"time.":[34],"Afast":[35],"algorithm":[37],"was":[38],"recently":[39],"introduced":[40],"to":[41,86,108,110],"implement":[42],"PNN":[44],"an":[45,78],"order":[46],"magnitude":[48],"faster":[49],"than":[50],"original":[52,115],"O(N3K)":[53],"time":[54,76,104],"algorithm.":[55],"time,":[58],"however,":[59],"still":[61],"lower":[62],"bounded":[63],"by":[64,93],"O(N2K),":[65],"therefore,":[67],"additional":[68],"speed-ups":[69],"may":[70],"be":[71,106],"required":[72],"applications":[74],"where":[75],"important":[79],"factor.":[80],"We":[81],"consider":[82],"two":[83],"practical":[84],"methods":[85],"reduce":[87],"amount":[89],"work":[91],"caused":[92],"distance":[95],"calculations.":[96],"Through":[97],"experiments,":[98],"we":[99],"show":[100],"that":[101,112],"can":[105],"reduced":[107],"10":[109],"15%":[111],"data":[118],"sets":[119],"color":[121],"quantization":[122],"spatial":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}