{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051154893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1973.tb01470.x","title":"The Irritant Potential of Dilute Solutions of ortho\u2010Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS) on the Eye and Tongue","display_name":"The Irritant Potential of Dilute Solutions of ortho\u2010Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS) on the Eye and Tongue","publication_year":1973,"publication_date":"1973-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051154893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1973.tb01470.x","mag":"2051154893","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4801727"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1973.tb01470.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1973.tb01470.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1973.tb01470.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230610","display_name":"Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica","issn_l":"0001-6683","issn":["0001-6683"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029612246","display_name":"Bryan Ballantyne","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Ballantyne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Division, Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Great Britain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Division, Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Great Britain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065701845","display_name":"Dennis W. Swanston","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. W. Swanston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Division, Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Great Britain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Division, Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Great Britain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4685,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78514286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"3-4","first_page":"266","last_page":"277"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10875","display_name":"Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.5800999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10875","display_name":"Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.5800999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13001","display_name":"Restraint-Related Deaths","score":0.049400001764297485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14072","display_name":"Immunotoxicology and immune responses","score":0.044599998742341995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cs","display_name":"CS","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/riot-control-agents","display_name":"riot control agents","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-irritation","display_name":"eye irritation","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tongue-sensation","display_name":"tongue sensation","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blepharospasm","display_name":"blepharospasm","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corneal-sensitivity","display_name":"corneal sensitivity","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threshold-concentration","display_name":"threshold concentration","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-response-relationship","display_name":"dose-response relationship","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-differences","display_name":"species differences","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solvent-effects","display_name":"solvent effects","score":0.7400000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419572","display_name":"Malononitrile","level":3,"score":0.7267116904258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779744641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9614","display_name":"Tongue","level":2,"score":0.5050070881843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4506972134113312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.3606625497341156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.29780149459838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.18628087639808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.08087724447250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004305","descriptor_name":"Dose-Response Relationship, Drug","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005123","descriptor_name":"Eye","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005143","descriptor_name":"Eyelids","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006168","descriptor_name":"Guinea Pigs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008722","descriptor_name":"Methods","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009570","descriptor_name":"Nitriles","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009570","descriptor_name":"Nitriles","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011817","descriptor_name":"Rabbits","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013665","descriptor_name":"Tear Gases","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013665","descriptor_name":"Tear Gases","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014059","descriptor_name":"Tongue","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1973.tb01470.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1973.tb01470.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1973.tb01470.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230610","display_name":"Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica","issn_l":"0001-6683","issn":["0001-6683"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:4801727","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4801727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta pharmacologica et toxicologica","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7422000169754028}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1726484420","https://openalex.org/W2046538911","https://openalex.org/W2076204906","https://openalex.org/W2103092771","https://openalex.org/W2223796643","https://openalex.org/W2269121043","https://openalex.org/W2282799884","https://openalex.org/W2409081975"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039669906","https://openalex.org/W2009669164","https://openalex.org/W55048488","https://openalex.org/W1506527191","https://openalex.org/W2418125063","https://openalex.org/W4255522080","https://openalex.org/W2088400800","https://openalex.org/W2143935722","https://openalex.org/W1968474680","https://openalex.org/W2103760105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract:":[0],"Median":[1],"threshold":[2,42,82],"concentrations":[3],"for":[4,23,30,39,65],"the":[5,24,31,48,68,91,113,127,132],"riot":[6],"control":[7],"agent":[8],"o\u2010chlorobenzylidene":[9],"malononitrile":[10],"(CS)":[11],"to":[12,17,44,87,105],"produce":[13,45,88,106],"blepharospasm":[14],"were":[15],"found":[16],"be":[18,78],"5.9":[19],"\u00d7":[20,27,36,53,74,96],"10\u22125":[21,28,75],"M":[22,29,38,76],"rabbit,":[25],"2.2":[26],"guinea":[32],"pig":[33],"and":[34,126],"3.2":[35],"10\u22126":[37,97],"man.":[40],"The":[41,80,117],"concentration":[43,83,100],"sensation":[46,66,89],"on":[47,67,90,112,131],"human":[49,69,92],"cornea":[50],"was":[51,59,94,115],"7.3":[52],"10\u22127":[54],"M.":[55],"A":[56,109],"dose\u2010response":[57,110],"relationship":[58,111],"demonstrated.":[60,116],"Extrapolation":[61],"of":[62,84,119,129],"log\u2010probit":[63],"plots":[64],"eye":[70,107],"suggest":[71],"that":[72,103],"2.7":[73],"would":[77],"incapacitating.":[79],"median":[81],"CS":[85],"required":[86,104],"tongue":[93,114],"6.8":[95],"M;":[98],"a":[99],"9.4":[101],"times":[102],"sensations.":[108],"use":[118],"irritant":[120],"tests,":[121],"species":[122],"variations":[123],"in":[124],"response,":[125],"effects":[128],"solvents":[130],"response":[133],"are":[134],"discussed.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}