{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2050184600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.73.3.209","title":"Unfixed reference, monocular occlusion, and developmental dyslexia--a critique.","display_name":"Unfixed reference, monocular occlusion, and developmental dyslexia--a critique.","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2050184600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.73.3.209","mag":"2050184600","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2650732","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1041694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjo.73.3.209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.73.3.209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.73.3.209","pdf_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/73/3/209.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587146","display_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0007-1161","issn":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/73/3/209.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010940647","display_name":"Dorothy Bishop","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2448-4033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2448-4033"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D V Bishop","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Manchester"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Manchester","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010940647"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4261,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92826087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"3","first_page":"209","last_page":"215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-dyslexia","display_name":"developmental dyslexia","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocular-occlusion","display_name":"monocular occlusion","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vergence","display_name":"vergence","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-dyslexia","display_name":"visual dyslexia","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-errors","display_name":"reading errors","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonological-difficulties","display_name":"phonological difficulties","score":0.7900000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506058694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971","display_name":"Dyslexia","level":3,"score":0.8886249661445618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.6994174718856812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65909025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945033","display_name":"Monocular","level":2,"score":0.5818349719047546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.5180466175079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.48584529757499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4848521947860718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776268601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968808","display_name":"Occlusion","level":2,"score":0.4298432469367981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319475","display_name":"Biological theories of dyslexia","level":5,"score":0.4125465750694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33608585596084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21288201212882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.19947093725204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1880851686000824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019189182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971","display_name":"Developmental dyslexia","level":4,"score":0.170014888048172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.1020386815071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004410","descriptor_name":"Dyslexia","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004410","descriptor_name":"Dyslexia","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015349","descriptor_name":"Vision, Monocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjo.73.3.209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.73.3.209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.73.3.209","pdf_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/73/3/209.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587146","display_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0007-1161","issn":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1041694","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1041694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Br J Ophthalmol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:2650732","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2650732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British journal of ophthalmology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:bjophthalmol:73/3/209","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bjo.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/73/3/209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjo.73.3.209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.73.3.209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.73.3.209","pdf_url":"https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/73/3/209.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79587146","display_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0007-1161","issn":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2050184600.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2050184600.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980923199","https://openalex.org/W1994694181","https://openalex.org/W2009544654","https://openalex.org/W2023157421","https://openalex.org/W2027756677","https://openalex.org/W2041094295","https://openalex.org/W2042117796","https://openalex.org/W2049764429","https://openalex.org/W2051190074","https://openalex.org/W2056694197","https://openalex.org/W2068175071","https://openalex.org/W2073982042","https://openalex.org/W2080620086","https://openalex.org/W2113512181","https://openalex.org/W2137944455","https://openalex.org/W2153736209","https://openalex.org/W2169806835","https://openalex.org/W2170357962","https://openalex.org/W2313828604","https://openalex.org/W2597857627","https://openalex.org/W4290865178","https://openalex.org/W6657264906","https://openalex.org/W6751050048"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056694197","https://openalex.org/W2053702925","https://openalex.org/W2121590981","https://openalex.org/W4232693188","https://openalex.org/W1999177153","https://openalex.org/W2037449919","https://openalex.org/W2049764429","https://openalex.org/W765640969","https://openalex.org/W2054926805","https://openalex.org/W2082055679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stein":[0],"and":[1,24,79,143],"Fowler":[2],"have":[3,62,118],"proposed":[4],"that":[5,25,55,88,96,126,130],"poor":[6],"binocular":[7],"control":[8],"of":[9,21,48,59,72,104],"vergence":[10],"eye":[11,36],"movements":[12],"is":[13,28,53,77,86,90,124,133],"responsible":[14],"for":[15,68,93,137,149],"reading":[16,105],"problems":[17],"in":[18,45,75],"a":[19,56,69,134],"subset":[20],"dyslexic":[22],"children,":[23],"this":[26,41,150],"subgroup":[27],"characterised":[29],"by":[30],"unstable":[31],"performance":[32],"on":[33],"Dunlop's":[34],"reference":[35,74,100,117],"test.":[37],"Four":[38],"predictions":[39],"from":[40,107],"hypothesis":[42],"are":[43,82,140],"evaluated":[44],"the":[46,66,94],"light":[47],"published":[49],"evidence.":[50],"First,":[51],"it":[52,85,123],"shown":[54],"substantial":[57],"minority":[58],"good":[60],"readers":[61],"unfixed":[63,73,99,116],"reference.":[64],"Second,":[65],"evidence":[67,148],"raised":[70],"prevalence":[71],"dyslexics":[76,97,114],"reviewed":[78],"contradictory":[80],"findings":[81],"discussed.":[83],"Third,":[84],"argued":[87,125],"there":[89],"little":[91],"support":[92],"view":[95],"with":[98,109,115],"make":[101],"different":[102],"types":[103],"errors":[106],"those":[108],"fixed":[110],"reference:":[111],"indeed":[112],"many":[113],"non-visual,":[119],"phonological":[120],"difficulties.":[121],"Finally,":[122],"studies":[127],"which":[128],"claim":[129],"monocular":[131],"occlusion":[132],"successful":[135],"treatment":[136],"'visual":[138],"dyslexia'":[139],"methodologically":[141],"flawed":[142],"do":[144],"not":[145],"provide":[146],"convincing":[147],"view.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
