{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2050149037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.009","title":"Modelling science as a contribution good","display_name":"Modelling science as a contribution good","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2050149037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.009","mag":"2050149037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.009","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733314000195/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9731383","display_name":"Research Policy","issn_l":"0048-7333","issn":["0048-7333","1873-7625"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733314000195/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108463437","display_name":"Terence Kealey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92864154","display_name":"University of Buckingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03kd28f18","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92864154"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Terence Kealey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Buckingham, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Buckingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92864154"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025170461","display_name":"Martin J. Ricketts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2472-4703","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2472-4703"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92864154","display_name":"University of Buckingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03kd28f18","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92864154"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Ricketts","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Buckingham, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2472-4703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Buckingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92864154"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108463437"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92864154"],"apc_list":{"value":4280,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4280},"apc_paid":{"value":4280,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4280},"fwci":11.205,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98108444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"6","first_page":"1014","last_page":"1024"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.8144999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.8144999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.07599999755620956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.01850000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-knowledge","display_name":"scientific knowledge","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-rivalry","display_name":"non-rivalry","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-goods","display_name":"public goods","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisoner-s-dilemma","display_name":"prisoner's dilemma","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-riding","display_name":"free-riding","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-mass","display_name":"critical mass","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spillover-effects","display_name":"spillover effects","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-policy","display_name":"science policy","score":0.7609999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.7668845653533936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162222271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779871","display_name":"Public good","level":2,"score":0.748578667640686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.6451945900917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113494165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41693","display_name":"Prisoner's dilemma","level":3,"score":0.5394530892372131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85510643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5500284","display_name":"Free riding","level":3,"score":0.5011017322540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.4810369312763214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4739777445793152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140878338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947987","display_name":"Critical mass (sociodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4521605372428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.4418776333332062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.4168555438518524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4143151044845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.38288211822509766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3667868673801422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3304387331008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29631590843200684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.22232478857040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0892018973827362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.07825765013694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.009","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733314000195/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9731383","display_name":"Research Policy","issn_l":"0048-7333","issn":["0048-7333","1873-7625"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:respol:v:43:y:2014:i:6:p:1014-1024","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733314000195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.009","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733314000195/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9731383","display_name":"Research Policy","issn_l":"0048-7333","issn":["0048-7333","1873-7625"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310225","display_name":"Geological Society of London","ror":"https://ror.org/057w2sx61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310400","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333746","display_name":"Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences, Institut de France","ror":"https://ror.org/04dwy1130"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334639","display_name":"Christ's College, University of Cambridge","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2050149037.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2050149037.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62727724","https://openalex.org/W77090188","https://openalex.org/W1503763123","https://openalex.org/W1521087868","https://openalex.org/W1522203109","https://openalex.org/W1543985151","https://openalex.org/W1551036771","https://openalex.org/W1579344322","https://openalex.org/W1606540910","https://openalex.org/W1895366050","https://openalex.org/W1971782430","https://openalex.org/W1982491301","https://openalex.org/W1996396240","https://openalex.org/W1997170008","https://openalex.org/W2009026544","https://openalex.org/W2015930340","https://openalex.org/W2026119611","https://openalex.org/W2026624758","https://openalex.org/W2029053656","https://openalex.org/W2034365181","https://openalex.org/W2062364592","https://openalex.org/W2068033714","https://openalex.org/W2094430912","https://openalex.org/W2101992452","https://openalex.org/W2116616114","https://openalex.org/W2137358449","https://openalex.org/W2144263316","https://openalex.org/W2154732745","https://openalex.org/W2162484441","https://openalex.org/W2169667133","https://openalex.org/W2175723801","https://openalex.org/W2238205173","https://openalex.org/W2315404267","https://openalex.org/W2321231682","https://openalex.org/W2334918364","https://openalex.org/W2604799231","https://openalex.org/W2799391587","https://openalex.org/W3023499496","https://openalex.org/W3121276525","https://openalex.org/W3121707495","https://openalex.org/W3122116504","https://openalex.org/W3123158876","https://openalex.org/W3123331292","https://openalex.org/W3124182182","https://openalex.org/W3140286946","https://openalex.org/W3149431256","https://openalex.org/W3207076107","https://openalex.org/W6631274759","https://openalex.org/W6789175632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3209909771","https://openalex.org/W2527475573","https://openalex.org/W2026119611","https://openalex.org/W4254429398","https://openalex.org/W2233751835","https://openalex.org/W2371362741","https://openalex.org/W1995821872","https://openalex.org/W7217110990","https://openalex.org/W346139471","https://openalex.org/W651422359"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,69],"non-rivalness":[1],"of":[2,35,44,83],"scientific":[3],"knowledge":[4],"has":[5],"traditionally":[6],"underpinned":[7],"its":[8],"status":[9],"as":[10,19],"a":[11,20,38,42,49,53,87],"public":[12,93],"good.":[13],"In":[14],"contrast":[15],"we":[16],"model":[17],"science":[18,36,84],"contribution":[21],"game":[22,34,43],"in":[23,79],"which":[24],"spillovers":[25],"differentially":[26],"benefit":[27],"contributors":[28],"over":[29],"non-contributors.":[30],"This":[31],"turns":[32],"the":[33,60,65,80],"from":[37,48,59],"prisoner's":[39],"dilemma":[40],"into":[41,52],"\u2018pure":[45],"coordination\u2019,":[46],"and":[47,85],"\u2018public":[50],"good\u2019":[51,71],"\u2018contribution":[54,70],"good\u2019.":[55],"It":[56],"redirects":[57],"attention":[58],"\u2018free":[61],"riding\u2019":[62],"problem":[63],"to":[64],"\u2018critical":[66],"mass\u2019":[67],"problem.":[68],"specification":[72],"suggests":[73],"several":[74],"areas":[75],"for":[76,91],"further":[77],"research":[78],"new":[81],"economics":[82],"provides":[86],"modified":[88],"analytical":[89],"framework":[90],"approaching":[92],"policy.":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
