{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2049632559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1986.9713638","title":"Negative Effects of Competition on Children's Intrinsic Motivation","display_name":"Negative Effects of Competition on Children's Intrinsic Motivation","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2049632559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1986.9713638","mag":"2049632559"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00224545.1986.9713638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1986.9713638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1986.9713638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75832472","display_name":"The Journal of Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-4545","issn":["0022-4545","1940-1183"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050551777","display_name":"Robert J. Vallerand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5301-2799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5301-2799","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5852-8877"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159129438","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/002rjbv21","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159129438","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert J. Vallerand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Social Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Social Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159129438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090908513","display_name":"Lise I. Gauvin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1562-1307","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1562-1307"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lise I. Gauvin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Education, Queen's University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Education, Queen's University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034334868","display_name":"Wayne Richard Halliwell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wayne R. Halliwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Education, University of Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Education, University of Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0318,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":139,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93034319,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"126","issue":"5","first_page":"649","last_page":"656"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.007799999788403511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"competition","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrinsic-motivation","display_name":"intrinsic motivation","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mastery-orientation","display_name":"mastery orientation","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-evaluation-theory","display_name":"cognitive evaluation theory","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children","display_name":"children","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrinsic-motivation","display_name":"extrinsic motivation","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/achievement-motivation","display_name":"achievement motivation","score":0.34599998593330383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110827","display_name":"Deci-","level":3,"score":0.9549914598464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985564149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644302","display_name":"Intrinsic motivation","level":2,"score":0.8624719381332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7655519247055054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.724801242351532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167327282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141207","display_name":"Cognitive evaluation theory","level":4,"score":0.6082098484039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4941911995410919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206705377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5575184","display_name":"Goal theory","level":2,"score":0.4704256057739258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.40316063165664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146854351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433910","display_name":"Self-determination theory","level":3,"score":0.4019867181777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3628532290458679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00224545.1986.9713638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1986.9713638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1986.9713638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75832472","display_name":"The Journal of Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-4545","issn":["0022-4545","1940-1183"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38129385","https://openalex.org/W1506248863","https://openalex.org/W1583512381","https://openalex.org/W1588086203","https://openalex.org/W1985180733","https://openalex.org/W1988426492","https://openalex.org/W2001776363","https://openalex.org/W2025906726","https://openalex.org/W2052729098","https://openalex.org/W2071464654","https://openalex.org/W2075474869","https://openalex.org/W2084017831","https://openalex.org/W2084290446","https://openalex.org/W2124249241","https://openalex.org/W2148561636","https://openalex.org/W2156616450","https://openalex.org/W2321778524","https://openalex.org/W4214907476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988426492","https://openalex.org/W2020439200","https://openalex.org/W2112779005","https://openalex.org/W654186464","https://openalex.org/W619170585","https://openalex.org/W3205611795","https://openalex.org/W2179518533","https://openalex.org/W7095933155","https://openalex.org/W2110771154","https://openalex.org/W1967015103"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"examined":[2],"the":[3,25,37,45,66,73],"effects":[4],"of":[5,19,40],"competition":[6,20,26,74,100],"on":[7,91,105],"intrinsic":[8,79,106],"motivation.":[9,107],"Subjects":[10],"(N":[11],"=":[12],"23)":[13],"were":[14,29,50],"randomly":[15],"assigned":[16],"to":[17,31,52,64],"conditions":[18],"or":[21],"intrinsic-mastery":[22,46],"orientation.":[23],"In":[24,44],"condition,":[27,48],"subjects":[28,49,71],"instructed":[30],"perform":[32,65],"an":[33],"interesting":[34],"activity":[35],"with":[36],"explicit":[38],"goal":[39],"\u201cbeating\u201d":[41],"other":[42],"participants.":[43],"orientation":[47],"told":[51],"do":[53],"as":[54,56],"well":[55],"they":[57],"could":[58],"while":[59],"looking":[60],"for":[61],"novel":[62],"ways":[63],"activity.":[67],"Results":[68],"showed":[69],"that":[70,99],"in":[72],"condition":[75],"displayed":[76],"less":[77],"subsequent":[78],"motivation":[80],"than":[81],"did":[82],"mastery-oriented":[83],"subjects.":[84],"The":[85],"present":[86],"findings":[87],"corroborate":[88],"predictions":[89],"based":[90],"cognitive":[92],"evaluation":[93],"theory":[94],"(Deci":[95],"&":[96],"Ryan,":[97],"1985)":[98],"can":[101],"have":[102],"deleterious":[103],"consequences":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}