{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2048846296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.838559","title":"Feasibility of estimating heavy metal concentrations in water column using hyperspectral data and partial least squares regression","display_name":"Feasibility of estimating heavy metal concentrations in water column using hyperspectral data and partial least squares regression","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2048846296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.838559","mag":"2048846296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.838559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.838559","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.838559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000785769","display_name":"Yiyun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-3239","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-3239"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Univ. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Univ. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100678574","display_name":"Yaolin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4619-5099","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4619-5099","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4443-9440"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaolin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Univ. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Univ. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101531501","display_name":"Dun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7867-4943","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7867-4943"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Univ. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Univ. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014756325","display_name":"Xuesong Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-025X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-025X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"XueSong Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Univ. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Univ. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100654129","display_name":"Chen Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5934-5164","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5934-5164"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Univ. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Univ. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"7492","issue":null,"first_page":"74920M","last_page":"74920M"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.20579999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.009999999776482582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metal-detection","display_name":"heavy metal detection","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-remote-sensing","display_name":"hyperspectral remote sensing","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-least-squares-regression","display_name":"partial least squares regression","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-column","display_name":"water column","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/river-water-quality","display_name":"river water quality","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dexing-copper-mine","display_name":"Dexing Copper Mine","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poyang-lake","display_name":"Poyang Lake","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cadmium","display_name":"cadmium","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc","display_name":"zinc","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"copper","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-preprocessing","display_name":"spectral preprocessing","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/savitzky-golay-filter","display_name":"Savitzky-Golay filter","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-derivative-spectra","display_name":"first derivative spectra","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-nucleotide-variants","display_name":"single nucleotide variants","score":0.3919999897480011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165293857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1534522","display_name":"Binary Golay code","level":2,"score":0.7475542426109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22354355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422009","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","level":2,"score":0.6952859163284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.5819920897483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.554134726524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.4425889849662781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4229961633682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.4186100959777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.41488194465637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.38947397470474243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3838469982147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3233473300933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.2131832242012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.1906205415725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14879441261291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.147477924823761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.838559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.838559","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.838559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.8571000099182129}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220978372","https://openalex.org/W2955184030","https://openalex.org/W1986419913","https://openalex.org/W4391069619","https://openalex.org/W2921642428","https://openalex.org/W2908218487","https://openalex.org/W4306165841","https://openalex.org/W2056721262","https://openalex.org/W2948082146","https://openalex.org/W2775332423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mining":[0],"and":[1,38,47,52,60,142,172],"smelting":[2],"often":[3],"produce":[4],"acidic":[5],"wastes":[6],"that":[7],"can":[8],"cause":[9],"severe":[10],"biogeochemical":[11],"changes":[12],"downstream":[13],"from":[14,43,94,146],"these":[15],"mines.":[16],"Dexing":[17],"copper":[18],"mine,":[19],"as":[20,152],"the":[21,54,65,74,88,110,118,121,124,140,143,147,186,199],"largest":[22],"open":[23],"cast":[24],"mine":[25],"in":[26,64,105,117,181,237],"China,":[27],"is":[28,132,164,194],"connected":[29],"to":[30,73,179,212,226],"Poyang":[31],"Lake":[32],"by":[33],"Le":[34,44],"An":[35,45],"river.":[36,238],"Water":[37],"spectra":[39],"samples":[40],"were":[41,62,71],"taken":[42],"River":[46],"two":[48],"of":[49,56,90,113,130,136,192,201],"its":[50],"branches,":[51],"afterward":[53],"concentrations":[55,93,236],"Cd,":[57],"Cu,":[58],"Pb":[59,158],"Zn":[61],"measured":[63],"lab.":[66],"Different":[67],"spectral":[68,78,85,202],"pre-processing":[69,203],"methods":[70],"applied":[72],"spectra,":[75,97],"including":[76],"Savitzky-Golay":[77,208],"smoothing,":[79],"SNV,":[80],"first":[81,205],"derivative,":[82],"second":[83],"derivative":[84,206],"transforming.":[86],"On":[87],"purpose":[89],"estimating":[91,157,182],"metal":[92],"differently":[95],"pre-processed":[96,221],"partial":[98],"least":[99],"squares":[100],"regression":[101],"was":[102],"then":[103],"used":[104,151],"model":[106,122,177,191],"calibrations.":[107],"For":[108,156,166],"deciding":[109],"optimal":[111],"number":[112],"PLS":[114,119,176,190,216],"factors":[115],"included":[116],"model,":[120],"with":[123],"lowest":[125],"root":[126],"mean":[127],"square":[128],"error":[129],"validation":[131],"chosen.":[133],"The":[134],"coefficient":[135],"determination":[137],"(R2v)":[138],"between":[139],"predicted":[141],"reference":[144],"values":[145],"test":[148],"set":[149],"are":[150],"an":[153],"evaluation":[154],"mean.":[155],"concentration,":[159,168,184],"R2v":[160,169,188],"=":[161,170],"0.915,":[162],"which":[163],"acceptable.":[165],"Cd":[167],"0.697":[171],"0.683":[173],"for":[174,185,189,231],"Zn.":[175],"seems":[178],"failed":[180],"Cu":[183,193],"best":[187],"lower":[195],"than":[196],"0.5.":[197],"From":[198],"aspects":[200],"methods,":[204],"after":[207],"smoothing":[209],"performs":[210],"superior":[211],"others.":[213],"In":[214],"conclusion,":[215],"models":[217],"based":[218],"on":[219],"carefully":[220],"hyperspectral":[222],"data":[223],"turn":[224],"out":[225],"be":[227],"a":[228],"promising":[229],"solution":[230],"detecting":[232],"certain":[233],"heavy":[234],"metals":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
