{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2048626814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092180204","title":"Isoflurane as an anesthetic for experimental animal surgery","display_name":"Isoflurane as an anesthetic for experimental animal surgery","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2048626814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092180204","mag":"2048626814","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3619078"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ar.1092180204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092180204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092180204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187571","display_name":"The Anatomical Record","issn_l":"0003-276X","issn":["0003-276X","1097-0185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Anatomical Record","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108437486","display_name":"Steven E. Raper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9191-4681","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9191-4681"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1315708478","display_name":"San Francisco VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/049peqw80","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315708478","https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322918889","display_name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven E. Raper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cell Biology Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121","Surgery Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cell Biology Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1315708478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surgery Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1315708478","https://openalex.org/I1322918889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mary E. Barker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1315708478","display_name":"San Francisco VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/049peqw80","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315708478","https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary E. Barker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cell Biology Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121","Department of Surgery, Medicine and Anatomy and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cell Biology Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1315708478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Medicine and Anatomy and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005711739","display_name":"Susan Jo Burwen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1315708478","display_name":"San Francisco VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/049peqw80","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315708478","https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan J. Burwen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cell Biology Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121","Department of Surgery, Medicine and Anatomy and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cell Biology Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1315708478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Medicine and Anatomy and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109319134","display_name":"Albert L. Jones","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1315708478","display_name":"San Francisco VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/049peqw80","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315708478","https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474","https://openalex.org/I4210143381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert L. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cell Biology Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121","Department of Surgery, Medicine and Anatomy and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cell Biology Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1315708478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Medicine and Anatomy and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4020,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4020},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"218","issue":"2","first_page":"116","last_page":"122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10436","display_name":"Anesthesia and Sedative Agents","score":0.5605000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10436","display_name":"Anesthesia and Sedative Agents","score":0.5605000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12963","display_name":"Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research","score":0.13819999992847443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2806","display_name":"Developmental Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11905","display_name":"Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia","score":0.1264999955892563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isoflurane","display_name":"isoflurane","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inhalational-anesthetics","display_name":"inhalational anesthetics","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatotoxicity","display_name":"hepatotoxicity","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-microsomes","display_name":"liver microsomes","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nadph-cytochrome-p450-reductase","display_name":"NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutathione-s-transferase","display_name":"glutathione S-transferase","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pentobarbital","display_name":"pentobarbital","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diethyl-ether","display_name":"diethyl ether","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-structure","display_name":"liver structure","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-function","display_name":"liver function","score":0.640999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413918","display_name":"Isoflurane","level":2,"score":0.9711685180664062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778162923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4990531","display_name":"Anesthetic","level":2,"score":0.8745754361152649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776755955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409632","display_name":"Pentobarbital","level":2,"score":0.8526451587677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C538909803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116907","display_name":"Glutathione","level":3,"score":0.5622677803039551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776932660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32921","display_name":"Halothane","level":2,"score":0.5259487628936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5246096849441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.5141401886940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.42179253697395325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908650173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthetic Agent","level":3,"score":0.415710985660553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.3917749524116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.31852078437805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2977825403213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.2249148190021515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.192079097032547}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000768","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia, General","qualifier_ui":"Q000662","qualifier_name":"veterinary","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000769","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia, Inhalation","qualifier_ui":"Q000662","qualifier_name":"veterinary","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000830","descriptor_name":"Animals, Laboratory","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004353","descriptor_name":"Drug Evaluation, Preclinical","qualifier_ui":"Q000662","qualifier_name":"veterinary","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004986","descriptor_name":"Ether","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004986","descriptor_name":"Ether","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007530","descriptor_name":"Isoflurane","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007530","descriptor_name":"Isoflurane","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010424","descriptor_name":"Pentobarbital","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010424","descriptor_name":"Pentobarbital","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011919","descriptor_name":"Rats, Inbred Strains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013522","descriptor_name":"Surgery, Veterinary","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/ar.1092180204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092180204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092180204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187571","display_name":"The Anatomical Record","issn_l":"0003-276X","issn":["0003-276X","1097-0185"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Anatomical Record","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:3619078","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3619078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Anatomical record","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3014545475","display_name":"LIVER CORE CENTER","funder_award_id":"2p30am026743-06","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3732600681","display_name":"INTESTINAL IMMUNE RESPONSE: REGULATION AND MECHANISMS","funder_award_id":"5p01am033004-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306572","display_name":"American Liver Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02dfyb978"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486814308","https://openalex.org/W1579836766","https://openalex.org/W1582228485","https://openalex.org/W1589853271","https://openalex.org/W1608927480","https://openalex.org/W1684030580","https://openalex.org/W1775749144","https://openalex.org/W1981284040","https://openalex.org/W1990995698","https://openalex.org/W2005084684","https://openalex.org/W2030942353","https://openalex.org/W2035906276","https://openalex.org/W2052749603","https://openalex.org/W2062956408","https://openalex.org/W2072291087","https://openalex.org/W2076698188","https://openalex.org/W2084787228","https://openalex.org/W2085741321","https://openalex.org/W2090631063","https://openalex.org/W2092433848","https://openalex.org/W2127660096","https://openalex.org/W2142365462","https://openalex.org/W2212482596","https://openalex.org/W2302909324","https://openalex.org/W2324457897","https://openalex.org/W2337691230","https://openalex.org/W2397673526","https://openalex.org/W2942458541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2025682001","https://openalex.org/W7096293186","https://openalex.org/W2542469809","https://openalex.org/W4248922861","https://openalex.org/W4380790120","https://openalex.org/W2591042117","https://openalex.org/W1802154658","https://openalex.org/W2735049908","https://openalex.org/W2033505956","https://openalex.org/W2034580119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Isoflurane":[0],"is":[1],"an":[2,22],"inhalational":[3],"anesthetic":[4,23,173],"agent":[5,24],"associated":[6],"with":[7,42,53,149],"no":[8,114,153],"known":[9],"hepatic":[10,156,162],"toxicity.":[11],"Despite":[12,100],"this":[13,36],"fact,":[14],"isoflurane":[15,54,148],"has":[16,152],"not":[17],"been":[18],"widely":[19],"utilized":[20],"as":[21],"in":[25,32,58,71,119,130,177],"studies":[26],"of":[27,106,134],"liver":[28,76,107,120],"structure":[29,121,157],"and":[30,60,110,132,158,167],"function":[31,163],"experimental":[33,172],"animals.":[34],"For":[35],"reason,":[37],"livers":[38],"from":[39,50,64,77,84,94,108],"rats":[40,51,66,86,112],"treated":[41,52],"pentobarbital":[43],"or":[44,79,97,116,122],"diethylether":[45],"were":[46,127],"compared":[47,74],"to":[48,55,75],"those":[49,93],"determine":[56],"differences":[57,118,128],"biochemical":[59,102],"morphologic":[61],"parameters.":[62],"Liver":[63,82],"pentobarbital-treated":[65,111],"showed":[67,113],"a":[68,170],"significant":[69],"decline":[70],"glutathione-S-transferase":[72],"activity":[73,90],"isoflurane/O2":[78,109],"ether-treated":[80],"rats.":[81,99],"microsomes":[83],"isoflurane/O2-treated":[85],"retained":[87],"more":[88],"cytochrome-C(P450)-reductase":[89],"than":[91,164,174],"did":[92],"pentobarbital-treated,":[95],"ether-treated,":[96],"decapitated":[98],"these":[101],"alterations,":[103],"morphometric":[104],"analysis":[105],"quantitative":[115],"qualitative":[117],"organelle":[123],"volume":[124],"densities.":[125],"Neither":[126],"detected":[129],"uptake":[131],"distribution":[133],"125I-epidermal":[135],"growth":[136],"factor":[137],"when":[138],"analyzed":[139],"by":[140],"electron":[141],"microscopic":[142],"autoradiography.":[143],"These":[144],"data":[145],"show":[146],"that":[147],"supplemental":[150],"O2":[151],"effects":[154,160],"on":[155,161],"fewer":[159],"other":[165],"anesthetics":[166],"may":[168],"be":[169],"better":[171],"any":[175],"currently":[176],"use.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}