{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2048593585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.6.000481","title":"Two processes control variations in flicker sensitivity over the life span","display_name":"Two processes control variations in flicker sensitivity over the life span","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2048593585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.6.000481","mag":"2048593585","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2709193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/josaa.6.000481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.6.000481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.6.000481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130108588","display_name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A","issn_l":"1084-7529","issn":["1084-7529","1520-8532"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078257147","display_name":"Christopher W. Tyler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1512-4626","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1512-4626"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61628605","display_name":"Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05783y657","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61628605"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher W. Tyler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smith-Kettlewell Institute, San Francisco, California 94115","Smith-Kettlewell Institute, 2232 Webster Street, San Francisco, California 94115 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smith-Kettlewell Institute, San Francisco, California 94115","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61628605"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smith-Kettlewell Institute, 2232 Webster Street, San Francisco, California 94115 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61628605"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078257147"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61628605"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8321,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86187475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"481","last_page":"481"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10691","display_name":"Retinal Development and Disorders","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12032","display_name":"Multisensory perception and integration","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flicker-sensitivity","display_name":"flicker sensitivity","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-flicker-frequency","display_name":"critical flicker frequency","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lifespan-development","display_name":"lifespan development","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-perception","display_name":"visual perception","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-frequency","display_name":"temporal frequency","score":0.8100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19743564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25378119","display_name":"Flicker","level":2,"score":0.773516058921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5955736637115479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778753569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960395","display_name":"Span (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5306735634803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988516024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441195","display_name":"Life span","level":2,"score":0.48634082078933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4351543188095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2268669605255127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19575408101081848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10233885049819946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08031335473060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.06241422891616821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.051814526319503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005425","descriptor_name":"Flicker Fusion","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012016","descriptor_name":"Reference Values","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012025","descriptor_name":"Reflex, Pupillary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012160","descriptor_name":"Retina","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012684","descriptor_name":"Sensory Thresholds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/josaa.6.000481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.6.000481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.6.000481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130108588","display_name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A","issn_l":"1084-7529","issn":["1084-7529","1520-8532"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:2709193","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2709193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1021102303","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1P30 EY 688","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7907628338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EY 6555","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7957061844","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EY 6579","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36318813","https://openalex.org/W55778890","https://openalex.org/W1561165420","https://openalex.org/W1966358429","https://openalex.org/W1974642362","https://openalex.org/W1980953392","https://openalex.org/W2001551561","https://openalex.org/W2003062992","https://openalex.org/W2004169889","https://openalex.org/W2009581014","https://openalex.org/W2021841574","https://openalex.org/W2022138923","https://openalex.org/W2026880470","https://openalex.org/W2036417286","https://openalex.org/W2039631120","https://openalex.org/W2056898486","https://openalex.org/W2063616867","https://openalex.org/W2084773511","https://openalex.org/W2141899530","https://openalex.org/W4237421066"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W9241600","https://openalex.org/W2151248336","https://openalex.org/W2056739199","https://openalex.org/W2059109357","https://openalex.org/W2978794651","https://openalex.org/W2089736452","https://openalex.org/W2334286948","https://openalex.org/W187880430","https://openalex.org/W4406595658","https://openalex.org/W1424835844"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flicker":[0],"thresholds":[1],"were":[2],"measured":[3],"in":[4,17,41],"an":[5],"automated":[6],"paradigm":[7],"at":[8,43,46],"several":[9],"temporal":[10],"frequencies":[11],"for":[12,87],"the":[13,58,64,67,72,77,88,91],"critical":[14],"fusion":[15],"frequency":[16],"more":[18],"than":[19],"1000":[20],"observers":[21],"of":[22,60,74,90],"ages":[23],"5-75":[24],"years.":[25,62],"The":[26,34],"results":[27],"can":[28],"be":[29],"described":[30],"by":[31],"two":[32],"processes.":[33],"first":[35],"process":[36,66],"was":[37],"a":[38,47],"uniform":[39],"increase":[40],"sensitivity":[42,52,85],"all":[44],"frequencies,":[45],"rate":[48],"that":[49,70],"would":[50],"double":[51],"every":[53],"10":[54],"years,":[55],"up":[56],"to":[57],"age":[59,73],"16":[61,75],"In":[63],"second":[65],"data":[68],"indicated":[69],"after":[71],"years":[76],"visual":[78],"response":[79],"showed":[80],"gradual":[81],"slowing":[82],"but":[83],"little":[84],"decrease":[86],"remainder":[89],"life":[92],"span.":[93]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}