{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2048466846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.32.5.329","title":"Self recognition in primates: A comparative approach to the bidirectional properties of consciousness.","display_name":"Self recognition in primates: A comparative approach to the bidirectional properties of consciousness.","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2048466846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.32.5.329","mag":"2048466846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0003-066x.32.5.329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.32.5.329","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.32.5.329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80146597","display_name":"American Psychologist","issn_l":"0003-066X","issn":["0003-066X","1935-990X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040341195","display_name":"Gordon G. Gallup","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327163397","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gordon G. Gallup","raw_affiliation_strings":["State U New York, Albany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State U New York, Albany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040341195"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.0117,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":401,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99811929,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"329","last_page":"338"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.913100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.913100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.03150000050663948,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.023800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mirror-self-recognition","display_name":"mirror self-recognition","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-awareness","display_name":"self-awareness","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chimpanzees","display_name":"chimpanzees","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orangutans","display_name":"orangutans","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-concept","display_name":"self-concept","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-experience","display_name":"social experience","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflective-awareness","display_name":"reflective consciousness","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primate-cognition","display_name":"primate cognition","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-markings","display_name":"facial markings","score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-directed-behavior","display_name":"self-directed behavior","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attentional-awareness","display_name":"attentional awareness","score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-concept-development","display_name":"self-concept development","score":0.45500001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6689045429229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.5854631662368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.46982765197753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.38341468572616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.32218998670578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.26452404260635376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0003-066x.32.5.329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.32.5.329","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.32.5.329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80146597","display_name":"American Psychologist","issn_l":"0003-066X","issn":["0003-066X","1935-990X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037//0003-066x.32.5.329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.32.5.329","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.32.5.329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80146597","display_name":"American Psychologist","issn_l":"0003-066X","issn":["0003-066X","1935-990X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Psychologist","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:2417635805","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.uni-trier.de/fileadmin/fb1/PHI/Gordon_Gallup_-_Self-recognition_in_primates.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W578125884","https://openalex.org/W594531783","https://openalex.org/W602504364","https://openalex.org/W622740450","https://openalex.org/W1506117326","https://openalex.org/W1529778800","https://openalex.org/W1533654221","https://openalex.org/W1541811840","https://openalex.org/W1572530481","https://openalex.org/W1971882196","https://openalex.org/W1973974771","https://openalex.org/W1974541718","https://openalex.org/W1978754119","https://openalex.org/W1985719647","https://openalex.org/W1989106229","https://openalex.org/W1989128163","https://openalex.org/W1995467204","https://openalex.org/W1996052916","https://openalex.org/W1996992541","https://openalex.org/W2001031437","https://openalex.org/W2002834274","https://openalex.org/W2006460378","https://openalex.org/W2017921962","https://openalex.org/W2029988244","https://openalex.org/W2036259000","https://openalex.org/W2045648226","https://openalex.org/W2049563900","https://openalex.org/W2052849919","https://openalex.org/W2053272004","https://openalex.org/W2053773647","https://openalex.org/W2056503852","https://openalex.org/W2058078000","https://openalex.org/W2060079625","https://openalex.org/W2071701672","https://openalex.org/W2073472754","https://openalex.org/W2073751309","https://openalex.org/W2076973767","https://openalex.org/W2078115083","https://openalex.org/W2079076008","https://openalex.org/W2079899284","https://openalex.org/W2085711722","https://openalex.org/W2090471136","https://openalex.org/W2092192102","https://openalex.org/W2114834688","https://openalex.org/W2118009985","https://openalex.org/W2120968755","https://openalex.org/W2128969076","https://openalex.org/W2331490268","https://openalex.org/W2332535886","https://openalex.org/W2486308189","https://openalex.org/W2491252063","https://openalex.org/W2732924917","https://openalex.org/W2804612698"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2417635805","https://openalex.org/W2085450659","https://openalex.org/W7113362071","https://openalex.org/W1489560420","https://openalex.org/W2990233222","https://openalex.org/W2040420569","https://openalex.org/W18015896","https://openalex.org/W2085309400","https://openalex.org/W4285242879","https://openalex.org/W4285247318"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"technique":[1],"is":[2,162,179,245,360],"described":[3],"in":[4,85,102,136,202,333,361,374,391,421,429,459],"which":[5],"organisms":[6],"are":[7],"provided":[8],"with":[9,41,51,79,247,435],"extended":[10],"exposure":[11],"to":[12,29,88,99,146,156,257,284,315,336,354,376,379,442,450,470],"mirrors":[13],"and":[14,43,167,230,265,310,324,365,408,434],"then":[15],"given":[16],"an":[17,133,165,172,272],"explicit":[18],"test":[19],"of":[20,27,38,49,53,65,76,113,126,170,200,213,236,243,275,290,294,305,322,369,396,404,411,415,432,465],"self-recognition":[21,84,101],"(accomplished":[22],"through":[23],"the":[24,66,71,81,123,203,211,234,252,362,394,405,466],"unobtrusive":[25],"application":[26],"marks":[28],"facial":[30],"features":[31],"visually":[32],"inaccessible":[33],"without":[34],"a":[35,139,320,338],"mirror).":[36],"Use":[37],"this":[39,114,175,276],"procedure":[40],"chimpanzees":[42,86],"orangutans":[44],"turns":[45],"up":[46],"striking":[47],"evidence":[48],"self-recognition,":[50],"patterns":[52],"self-directed":[54],"behavior":[55],"emerging":[56],"after":[57],"only":[58,194],"2":[59],"or":[60,191,444],"3":[61],"days.":[62],"In":[63,174,182,249,383],"support":[64],"widely":[67,386],"held":[68,331],"view":[69],"that":[70,148,381],"self-concept":[72,339],"may":[73,116,439],"develop":[74],"out":[75],"social":[77,93],"interaction":[78],"others,":[80],"capacity":[82,115,335],"for":[83,120,268,279,325],"appears":[87],"be":[89,151,197,282,313,419],"influenced":[90],"by":[91],"early":[92],"experience.":[94,128,158,173],"To":[95,312],"date,":[96],"however,":[97,142,417],"attempts":[98],"demonstrate":[100],"all":[103],"other":[104,250],"species":[105],"except":[106],"man":[107,328,359,401,438],"have":[108,117,441],"failed.":[109],"The":[110,159,413],"phyletic":[111],"limits":[112],"important":[118],"implications":[119],"claims":[121],"concerning":[122],"evolutionary":[124,388],"continuity":[125],"mental":[127],"Consciousness":[129],"has":[130,329],"always":[131],"been":[132,330],"elusive":[134],"topic":[135],"psychology.":[137],"As":[138],"working":[140],"hypothesis,":[141],"it":[143],"seems":[144],"reasonable":[145],"suppose":[147],"there":[149],"can":[150,186,195,209,218,225,418],"at":[152,297,372,445],"least":[153,373,446],"two":[154],"dimensions":[155],"conscious":[157],"basic":[160],"distinction":[161],"between":[163],"having":[164,171,399,424],"experience":[166],"being":[168,352,370],"aware":[169,199],"sense,":[176],"human":[177],"consciousness":[178,244,306,309],"typically":[180],"bidirectional.":[181],"effect,":[183],"most":[184],"people":[185],"direct":[187],"their":[188,269],"attention":[189],"outward":[190],"inward.":[192],"Not":[193],"I":[196,208,217],"consciously":[198],"events":[201],"world":[204],"around":[205],"me,":[206],"but":[207],"become":[210],"object":[212],"my":[214,220,228],"own":[215,221,238,357],"attention.":[216],"contemplate":[219,355],"death.":[222],"My":[223],"brain":[224,229],"think":[226,316],"about":[227,233,317,426,473],"even":[231],"speculate":[232],"mechanisms":[235],"its":[237],"functioning.":[239],"This":[240],"reflective":[241],"dimension":[242],"isomorphic":[246],"self-awareness.":[248],"words,":[251],"bidirecThe":[253],"author":[254],"would":[255],"like":[256],"thank":[258],"R.":[259],"E.":[260],"Hicks,":[261],"J.":[262],"M.":[263],"Suls,":[264],"L.":[266],"Tornatore":[267],"comments":[270],"on":[271],"earlier":[273],"draft":[274],"paper.":[277],"Requests":[278],"reprints":[280],"should":[281],"sent":[283],"G.":[285,286],"Gallup,":[287,454],"Jr.,":[288],"Department":[289],"Psychology,":[291],"State":[292],"University":[293],"New":[295,300],"York":[296,301],"Albany,":[298,299],"12222.":[302],"tional":[303],"properties":[304],"translate":[307],"into":[308],"self-consciousness.":[311],"able":[314,353],"oneself":[318],"presupposes":[319],"sense":[321],"identity,":[323],"some":[326,403],"time":[327],"unique":[332,364],"his":[334,356,448],"form":[337],"(e.g.,":[340,453],"Ardrey,":[341],"1961;":[342],"Black,":[343],"1968;":[344],"Buss,":[345],"1973;":[346],"Kinget,":[347],"197S;":[348],"Lorenz,":[349],"1971).":[350],"By":[351],"existence,":[358],"seemingly":[363],"certainly":[366],"precarious":[367],"position":[368],"able,":[371],"principle,":[375],"take":[377],"steps":[378],"modify":[380],"existence.":[382],"fact,":[384],"one":[385,464],"respected":[387],"biologist":[389],"(Slobodkin,":[390],"press)":[392],"sees":[393],"development":[395],"self-awareness":[397],"as":[398,423],"emancipated":[400],"from":[402],"otherwise":[406],"deterministic":[407],"unrelenting":[409],"forces":[410],"evolution.":[412],"history":[414],"science,":[416],"viewed":[420],"part":[422],"brought":[425],"gradual":[427],"changes":[428,437],"man's":[430],"conception":[431],"man,":[433],"such":[436],"eventually":[440],"relinquish,":[443],"temper,":[447],"claim":[449],"special":[451],"status":[452],"Boren,":[455],"Gagliardi,":[456],"&":[457],"Wallnau,":[458],"press).":[460],"Primate":[461],"research":[462],"poses":[463],"greatest":[467],"contemporary":[468],"threats":[469],"traditional":[471],"notions":[472],"man.":[474]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
