{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2048024384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/199688.199853","title":"TIC-TAC-TOE: introducing expert systems to middle school students","display_name":"TIC-TAC-TOE: introducing expert systems to middle school students","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2048024384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/199688.199853","mag":"2048024384"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/199688.199853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/199688.199853","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/199688.199853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608709","display_name":"ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the twenty-sixth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Robert A. Pilgrim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127362389","display_name":"Murray State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fmwcn13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127362389"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert A. Pilgrim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science and Information Systems, Murray State University, Murray, KY","[Department of Computer Science and Information Systems Murray State University, Murray, KY]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science and Information Systems, Murray State University, Murray, KY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127362389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science and Information Systems Murray State University, Murray, KY]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127362389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127362389"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"340","last_page":"344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.8026999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.8026999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.10540000349283218,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.02459999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tic-tac-toe","display_name":"Tic-Tac-Toe","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-systems","display_name":"expert systems","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-systems","display_name":"rule-based systems","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-base-design","display_name":"rule base design","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/junior-high-school-students","display_name":"junior high school students","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science-education","display_name":"computer science education","score":0.6159999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.539271354675293}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/199688.199853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/199688.199853","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/199688.199853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608709","display_name":"ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the twenty-sixth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87808565","https://openalex.org/W97779143","https://openalex.org/W2032495164","https://openalex.org/W2058203440","https://openalex.org/W2086602040","https://openalex.org/W4205222623"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3088439274","https://openalex.org/W4206191234","https://openalex.org/W7095965479","https://openalex.org/W4407681323","https://openalex.org/W2548351541","https://openalex.org/W2810397827","https://openalex.org/W9472014","https://openalex.org/W4414653289","https://openalex.org/W2077853402","https://openalex.org/W2750657307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machines":[0],"that":[1,56],"play":[2,25,125],"simple":[3,66],"games":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6],"a":[7,22,49,92,132],"part":[8,38],"of":[9,14,21,39,60],"the":[10,40,58,109],"development":[11],"and":[12,47,62,85,111],"promotion":[13],"computers":[15],"for":[16,33,52],"years.":[17],"Charles":[18],"Babbage":[19],"conceived":[20],"machine":[23],"to":[24,30,83],"tic-tac-toe":[26],"in":[27,131],"an":[28,53],"effort":[29],"obtain":[31],"funding":[32],"his":[34],"Analytical":[35],"Engine.":[36],"As":[37],"Summer":[41],"Computer":[42],"Science":[43],"Workshop,":[44],"participants":[45],"design":[46],"implement":[48],"rule":[50,114],"base":[51],"expert":[54,105,129],"system":[55],"plays":[57],"game":[59,67,110],"X's":[61],"O's":[63],"(tic-tac-toe).":[64],"This":[65],"was":[68],"selected":[69],"because":[70],"most":[71],"middle":[72],"school":[73],"age":[74],"students":[75],"are":[76,118],"already":[77],"domain":[78],"experts.":[79],"The":[80,100],"participant":[81],"has":[82],"select":[84],"order":[86],"six":[87],"or":[88],"fewer":[89],"rules":[90],"with":[91,120],"seventh":[93],"catch-all":[94],"rule,":[95],"\u201cTake":[96],"any":[97],"available":[98],"position.\u201d":[99],"designers":[101],"debug":[102],"their":[103,113],"own":[104,122],"systems":[106,130],"by":[107],"playing":[108],"modifying":[112],"bases.":[115],"Once":[116],"they":[117,124],"satisfied":[119],"thier":[121],"design,":[123],"against":[126],"each":[127],"other's":[128],"round-robin":[133],"tournament.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}