{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2047666263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2006.06.011","title":"Are African party systems different?","display_name":"Are African party systems different?","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2047666263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2006.06.011","mag":"2047666263"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2006.06.011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2006.06.011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2006.06.011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124584455","display_name":"Electoral Studies","issn_l":"0261-3794","issn":["0261-3794","1873-6890"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electoral Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048315500","display_name":"Thomas Brambor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3033-4533","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3033-4533"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Brambor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Department of Political Science, Encina Hall West, Stanford, CA 94305-6044, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Department of Political Science, Encina Hall West, Stanford, CA 94305-6044, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113226020","display_name":"William R. Clark","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258921","display_name":"Institute for Social Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01df9hd73","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4405258921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Roberts Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies and Department of Political Science, ISR 4202 Box 1248, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies and Department of Political Science, ISR 4202 Box 1248, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4405258921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079053062","display_name":"Matt Golder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5006-1368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5006-1368"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matt Golder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida State University, Department of Political Science, 531 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2230, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University, Department of Political Science, 531 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2230, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079053062"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"],"apc_list":{"value":2840,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2840},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.2016,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98000665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"315","last_page":"323"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.007199999876320362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13162","display_name":"African Studies and Ethnography","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplicative-interaction-model","display_name":"multiplicative interaction model","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/district-magnitude","display_name":"district magnitude","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-fragmentation","display_name":"ethnic fragmentation","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-institutions","display_name":"electoral institutions","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/party-system-development","display_name":"party system development","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-party-systems","display_name":"comparative party systems","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marginal-effects","display_name":"marginal effects","score":0.41100001335144043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777995107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076085","display_name":"Exceptionalism","level":3,"score":0.7039097547531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5451495051383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5396295785903931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.5040699243545532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.46074405312538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42747912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048447","display_name":"Multiplicative function","level":2,"score":0.4504486322402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3497602343559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.34082064032554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.338267982006073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20671823620796204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.15780958533287048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2006.06.011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2006.06.011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2006.06.011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124584455","display_name":"Electoral Studies","issn_l":"0261-3794","issn":["0261-3794","1873-6890"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electoral Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.666700005531311}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7599999904632568}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497152065","https://openalex.org/W1509161467","https://openalex.org/W1533460353","https://openalex.org/W2003350916","https://openalex.org/W2008477779","https://openalex.org/W2028880895","https://openalex.org/W2033939302","https://openalex.org/W2045509200","https://openalex.org/W2051946341","https://openalex.org/W2055441130","https://openalex.org/W2056720463","https://openalex.org/W2060069014","https://openalex.org/W2063984238","https://openalex.org/W2076634691","https://openalex.org/W2099304543","https://openalex.org/W2100563072","https://openalex.org/W2114201972","https://openalex.org/W2119210910","https://openalex.org/W2137662801","https://openalex.org/W2145869153","https://openalex.org/W2146913620","https://openalex.org/W2162767271","https://openalex.org/W2163710075","https://openalex.org/W2313131924","https://openalex.org/W2586957537","https://openalex.org/W2797247465","https://openalex.org/W4246324624"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100477753","https://openalex.org/W2941222197","https://openalex.org/W2119210910","https://openalex.org/W2065143324","https://openalex.org/W2319617675","https://openalex.org/W1555758481","https://openalex.org/W11410446","https://openalex.org/W2084830870","https://openalex.org/W2155422498","https://openalex.org/W2129453640"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}