{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2047425557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/304073","title":"Feedback, Disk Self\u2010Regulation, and Galaxy Formation","display_name":"Feedback, Disk Self\u2010Regulation, and Galaxy Formation","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2047425557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/304073","mag":"2047425557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/304073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/304073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/304073","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/304073/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/304073/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005380504","display_name":"Joseph I. Silk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-8148","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-8148"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Silk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Astronomy and Physics, and Center for Particle Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Astronomy and Physics, and Center for Particle Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005380504"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7075,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":307,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97790055,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"481","issue":"2","first_page":"703","last_page":"709"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.011800000444054604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-feedback","display_name":"stellar feedback","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toomre-parameter","display_name":"Toomre parameter","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-instability","display_name":"gravitational instability","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supernova-heating","display_name":"supernova heating","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-velocity-dispersion","display_name":"gas velocity dispersion","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/void-fraction","display_name":"void fraction","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star-formation-rate","display_name":"star formation rate","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star-formation-efficiency","display_name":"star formation efficiency","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tully-fisher-relation","display_name":"Tully-Fisher relation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protogalaxies","display_name":"protogalaxies","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-luminosity","display_name":"galaxy luminosity","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-formation","display_name":"galaxy formation","score":0.925000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9584000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.7573000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125857072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744","display_name":"Star formation","level":3,"score":0.7253000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.5856000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127592171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3937","display_name":"Supernova","level":2,"score":0.58160001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776761751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15733031","display_name":"Gravitational instability","level":3,"score":0.5759000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87449069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64286159","display_name":"Protogalaxy","level":5,"score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12287442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105902","display_name":"Luminosity","level":3,"score":0.5012000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196939603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41872","display_name":"Interstellar medium","level":3,"score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174802034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995140","display_name":"Galaxy formation and evolution","level":3,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118396296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329273","display_name":"Gravitational collapse","level":2,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22540661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644507","display_name":"Interacting galaxy","level":4,"score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24872484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126818","display_name":"Dimensionless quantity","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205327720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5518150","display_name":"Galaxy merger","level":4,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134122466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192078","display_name":"Lenticular galaxy","level":4,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207821765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405372","display_name":"Instability","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188525179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190397","display_name":"Irregular galaxy","level":5,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110472602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6472","display_name":"Stellar evolution","level":3,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127529279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637450","display_name":"Velocity dispersion","level":3,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C871022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184348","display_name":"Elliptical galaxy","level":3,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15153049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2731563","display_name":"Intergalactic star","level":5,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148055847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2490","display_name":"Barred spiral galaxy","level":5,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206564472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475614","display_name":"Galaxy rotation curve","level":4,"score":0.2587999999523163}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/304073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/304073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/304073","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/304073/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/9612117","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9612117","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9612117","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:316641","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/316641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9612117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9612117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9612117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/304073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/304073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/304073","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/304073/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2047425557.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2047425557.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1681286495","https://openalex.org/W1725566824","https://openalex.org/W1964072764","https://openalex.org/W1964280853","https://openalex.org/W1965297341","https://openalex.org/W1972606539","https://openalex.org/W1975326891","https://openalex.org/W1995560807","https://openalex.org/W2000672249","https://openalex.org/W2003644384","https://openalex.org/W2005609165","https://openalex.org/W2007971638","https://openalex.org/W2010419548","https://openalex.org/W2014920272","https://openalex.org/W2029438261","https://openalex.org/W2029775464","https://openalex.org/W2041214787","https://openalex.org/W2043685494","https://openalex.org/W2045869342","https://openalex.org/W2068725242","https://openalex.org/W2069887781","https://openalex.org/W2070920185","https://openalex.org/W2071818181","https://openalex.org/W2072567785","https://openalex.org/W2076431859","https://openalex.org/W2076626779","https://openalex.org/W2077405866","https://openalex.org/W2078735378","https://openalex.org/W2091499363","https://openalex.org/W2108191436","https://openalex.org/W2150681584","https://openalex.org/W2166344513","https://openalex.org/W2950207807","https://openalex.org/W3106285595","https://openalex.org/W4247108851"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096812331","https://openalex.org/W2345752129","https://openalex.org/W1964181290","https://openalex.org/W3102325371","https://openalex.org/W2024834095","https://openalex.org/W2025199693","https://openalex.org/W1983134497","https://openalex.org/W4243247687","https://openalex.org/W1646008783","https://openalex.org/W7100289619"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Self-regulation":[0],"of":[1,21,57,71,87],"star":[2,43,47,73],"formation":[3,44,48,74],"in":[4,50,79],"disks":[5,51],"is":[6],"controlled":[7],"by":[8],"two":[9],"dimensionless":[10],"parameters:":[11],"the":[12,19,22,37,58,69,84],"Toomre":[13],"parameter":[14],"for":[15,36,83,91],"gravitational":[16],"instability":[17],"and":[18,46,52,75,90],"porosity":[20],"interstellar":[23],"medium":[24],"to":[25,34,53,81],"supernova":[26],"remnant-heated":[27],"gas.":[28],"An":[29],"interplay":[30],"between":[31],"these":[32],"leads":[33],"expressions":[35],"gas":[38,41],"velocity":[39],"dispersion,":[40],"fraction,":[42],"rate":[45],"efficiency":[49],"a":[54,88],"possible":[55],"explanation":[56],"Tully-Fisher":[59],"relation.":[60],"I":[61],"further":[62],"develop":[63],"feedback":[64],"arguments":[65],"that":[66],"arise":[67],"from":[68,94],"impact":[70],"massive":[72],"death":[76],"on":[77],"protogalaxies":[78],"order":[80],"account":[82],"characteristic":[85],"luminosity":[86],"galaxy":[89],"early":[92],"winds":[93],"forming":[95],"spheroids.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
